Chapter 6 - First Aid & Handling Emergencies Flashcards
What are the key components of emergency preparedness and response?
- Status Assessment
- Plan development
- Communication and training
What activities are involved in status assessment and plan development for emergency preparedness?
- Capability review
- Safety arrangement review
- Mitigation plan
- Emergency response plan
How is communication and training for emergency preparedness conducted?
- Announcement to available media (e-mails, website portals)
- Safety orientation
- Emergency response drills
What factors are considered when planning for emergency preparedness?
- Type of emergency
- Available hazards
- Available resources
- Impact on people, workplace and resources
What is the feedback mechanism for emergency preparedness and response?
- Plan monitoring and review
- Hazard reporting
- Incident/Accident reporting
What is a workplace emergency?
An unexpected situation that threatens the workers, employees, contractors, general public, customers and other stakeholders.
What are some preparedness and response actions?
• Provide training to the worst-case situations
• Prepare the emergency action plan
• Alert the employees about the emergency
• Develop an evacuation plan
• Establish an evacuation route
• Define the roles of safety wardens and coordinators
What should the detailed emergency action plan consist of?
• Method of reporting fire or any other types of accidents
• Emergency escape routes and procedures – floor plans, refuge area etc.
• Names and phone numbers of the coordinators and wardens and emergency contact lists
• Assigning special duties to persons responsible for shutdown, performing emergency duties and operating fire extinguishers
• Medical duties and designated rescue workers
• Types of alternative communications
• Assembly points and public announcement systems
What is the key for preparedness and response during emergency?
Detailed training before the inception of the workers to the specific departments and periodic continuous training.
What is “First Aid”?
First aid is the instantaneous assistance that is given to a person encountering an injury or illness- minor or major, on the first instance itself before taking him for specialized medical care.
What are the purposes of first aid?
- Prevent worsening of the condition
- Preserve life
- To promote the recovery
Discuss the Roles and Responsibilities of Emergency Providers (First Aider, HSE Manager, and Emergency Nurse).
First Aider
• Provides initial care for injured or ill person
• Trained personnel to perform emergency procedure until medical treatment is accessible.
HSE Manger
• Supervise the implementation of the emergency procedures
• Trained emergency responder
Emergency Nurse
• Assess and identify injured or ill person’s medical issues
• Has specialized education and training
How to provide first aid for an unconscious/unresponsive person?
• Check if the surrounding is safe.
• Check for responsiveness and life-threatening conditions. Use shout-tap-shout.
• Call for help (Workplace emergency No: +968____ , ROP: 9999).
• Place the person on their back on firm and flat surface.
• Clear the airway when someone is unresponsive. Remove any obstruction.
• After clearing airway and still there is no response, provide rescue breathing.
• Check circulation. If the victim fails to breath, provide the CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation).
What are the ABC’s of responding?
A = Airway
B = Breathing
C = Circulation
What is CPR a shortcut for?
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
How to give CPR to an adult?
STEP1: Lock the hands.
STEP 2: Hands at the center of the chest.
STEP 3:
1. Give 30 compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute. (1 cycle).
2. Allow chest to return to its normal position each compression.
STEP 4: Give 2 breaths.
• Make sure that breath last for 1 second.
• Make sure that the chest rises in each breath.
IMPORTANT:
1. Repeat steps 3 to 4 if still there no breathing until help arrives.
2. If there is breathing, put the person in recovery position and wait for the ambulance.
What is a cardiac arrest?
Cardiac arrest is when the electrical signal in the heart stops (like a black out). Blood does not reach the brain resulting loss of consciousness or death.
What are cardiac arrest warning signs?
• Loss of consciousness
• No breathing
• No pulse
How to respond to a cardiac arrest?
STEP 1: Look for signs
• Loss of consciousness
• Breathing is not normal
STEP 2: Ensure that the area is safe
• Area is free from danger
STEP 3: Check for response
• Hard tap on shoulders
• Say loudly, “Hey! or [mention name]! Are you okay?”
STEP 4: Ask for help
• Call emergency number/9999
• Get AED
STEP 5: Check breathing
• If the person is gasping or not breathing at all, give CPR
STEP 6: Administer the use of AED
STEP 7: Continue CPR until the person breathes or until EMS (Emergency Medical Services) arrives
What is AED a shortcut for?
Automated external Defibrillator.
What is Automated external Defibrillator (AED)?
A portable piece of medical equipment, that is used in the treatment of sudden cardiac arrest.
What is a “burn”?
Burn is a skin or tissue injury caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemical, friction or radiation.
What are the types of burn?
• First Degree Burn: It is minor burns that causes
swelling and redness on the skin and is affecting the outer layer of the skin. It affects the epidermis of the skin.
• Second Degree Burn: It causes redness, swelling and blistering along with it. It is a major burn and is more severe when it happens on hands, joints, face and is more than three inches wide. This type of burn is the most painful and affects the dermis of the skin.
• Third Degree Burn: It is a severe burn that affects the deeper layers of the skin and is often seen as blackened or white skin and numbness as well and is life threating and affects the hypodermis of the skin.
How do you provide first aid for a burn?
STEP1: Stop the burn
• Remove the person away from the source of fire or heat
• Stop-drop-roll if on fire
STEP2: Cool the burn
• Place the burn area under
running water or immerse in cool tap water or apply cold wet compress
• Do this for 10 to 20 mins
• Do not break blisters
STEP 3: Protect burn
• Cover burn with sterile non-adhesive bandage
• Do not apply butter, lotion, cream, oil
STEP 4: Treat the pain
• As long as the person do not have allergy, he can be given with over the counter pain reliever
STEP 5: Seek medical help
• See the doctor if there are
signs of infection
What is a “broken bone or fracture”?
It is a condition when the bone experiences a stronger force than it can bear which results in pain, swelling, and loss of function and can only be verified through X-ray.
Does a person with a broken or fractured bone need to be rushed to a hospital?
No.
How to provide first aid for a broken or fractured bone?
• Use a splint to keep the part still
• Do not try to straighten the bone
• Put a cold pack over the injured part
• The person should not be
allowed to move, if spinal injury is suspected
• Transport to the hospital for
medical assistance.
How to provide first aid fir nosebleed?
• Lean forward
• Pinch the nose just below the
bridge and check after sometime whether bleeding is stopped or else repeat the same
• Apply a cold pack on the bridge of the nostrils
• If not stopping take the person for medical assistance
Discuss the different types of bleeding.
Bleeding might occur from capillaries, veins and arteries.
• Bleeding from capillaries stops soon and is often trickling only.
• Bleeding from veins is dark red blood that flows consistently.
• Bleeding from the arteries is bright red and sprouts out and large quantity of blood may be lost.
How to provide first aid for bleeding?
• Wash and use a glove to get protected from contagious diseases like HIV, Hepatitis B etc.
• Rinse the wound with good water
• Cover the area by using gauze of good cloth
• Apply direct pressure is bleeding profusely which might help stopping the loss of blood
• Keep the part that is bleeding above the heart level
• If the cloth is soaked with blood, use another cloth over it, do not remove the cloth
• If bleeding stops, apply bandage or else take the person for medical assistance
What are the symptoms and characteristics of a sprain?
- Similar to that of a fracture unless otherwise confirmed by an X-ray.
- Injury on the ligaments of the ankles or wrists.
- Associated severe pain when trying to move and unable to bear the weight.
How should a sprain be treated initially?
It is not a serious injury can apply cold packs and go for medical assistance.
Are wasp or bee stings dangerous?
Wasp or bee stings are painful and can be dangerous for those allergic to bee venom.
How to provide first aid for wasp/bee stings?
- Remove the stinger
- Apply cold compress
- Elevate affected area
What is “choking”?
Blockage of the throat by food or any other particle entrapment is choking which might lead to unconsciousness or to death.
What is the name of the technique used in choking first aid?
Heimlich maneuver.
How to provide first aid for choking?
• Make the person lean forward by standing behind and pressing him
• Put your arms around the waist of the person
• Clench your left fist and keep it between the rib cage and navel (For right handed persons)
• Grab the clenched fist with the other hand
• Push the clenched fist in backward and upward direction under the rib cage in five quick thrusts and repeat this cycle till the object is coming out
• This procedure can be done before the medical assistance arrives
How to ensure safety in laboratories and workshops?
By always following the instructions of the teachers, supervisors and technicians.
What is the students responsibility in laboratories and workshops?
Students need to clearly understand the priority of safety and must be highly disciplined.
What is discipline?
Discipline is when you are proud in following the rules even when no one is watching you.
What are the laboratories and workshops safety rules?
• Right from the parking place as you enter the university
campus, watch for the signals and visual instructions.
• Put your PPE as mandated by the laboratories and workshop.
• In workshops safety shoe, lab coat, coverall is compulsory and gloves, apron and other as it is provided.
• Never try to operate a machine if not trained.
• In chemistry labs watch for the labels and material safety data sheet.
• In electrical workshops follow the instructions for electrical
safety.
• Wash your hands thoroughly after the work and before contacting others and eating food.
• Grease which contains lead is carcinogens.
• Sit in the correct posture while working in computer labs.
• While doing an outdoor task like surveying, especially during summer, drink a lot of water and be safe against sun strokes.
• Always participate in the mock safety drill with seriousness and understand the evacuation processes Wash your hands thoroughly after the work and before contacting others and eating food.
What should you do in the following labs/workshops:
- Chemistry labs
- Electrical workshops
- Computer labs
• In chemistry labs watch for the labels and material safety data sheet.
• In electrical workshops follow the instructions for electrical safety.
• Sit in the correct posture while working in computer labs.
Is first aid important?
Yes, providing first aid to a person injured is the most important step in protecting him before reaching the adequate medical assistance.
What are the requirements for first aid equipment and personnel?
First aid equipment must be in well maintained condition and the person responsible for providing first aids must always be available.
Which OSHA standard covers the methods of first aid in a general industry?
OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.151(b).
