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Radt 1303 Physics > Chapter 6 Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Involves the K-shell (first shell around the nucleus, has the strongest binding energy)
Only the interactions involving K-shell are of sufficient energy to be useful

A

Characteristics Interactions

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2
Q

If its energy is greater than the binding energy from the orbital electron, It is removed from orbit

A

A filament electron

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3
Q

when the filament electron removes the K-shell electron and the outer-shell electrons drop to fill inner-shell vacancies
This interaction is happening on the anode target

A

Cascade effect

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4
Q

Characteristic is only x-ray production that uses _______ (in the tube)

A

cascade

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5
Q

A tungsten atom has ___ electrons in ___ different shells

A

74, 6

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6
Q

K-shell electrons in tungsten have the strongest binding energy at ____ keV

A

69.5 keV

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7
Q

_______ is the majority of our x-ray photons
The majority of the x-rays in the primary beam are ______

A

Brems

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8
Q

How many characteristic x-ray photons are created at 59 keV?

A

0, it has to be 69.5 or higher

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9
Q

what does bremsstrahlung mean in German?

A

breaking or slowing down

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10
Q

Filtration, IR, and high speed imaging are part of:

A

radiation protection

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11
Q

The filtration total must total ______ of aluminum equivalent

A

2.5mm

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12
Q

Beam quantities main contributing factor is:

A

mAs, quantity decreases as we increase distance

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13
Q

If kVp is doubled, the intensity (quantity) increases by a factor of:

A

four

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14
Q

raising kVp does or doesn’t create more x-rays?

A

doesn’t

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15
Q

what is increased when kVp is raised? which allows more of the original x-rays to make it through the filters

A

quality

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16
Q

If you bump up ____ it is like turning up the stove and boiling more electrons off of the filament

A

mA

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17
Q

What is bad for quality and quantity?

A

distance

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18
Q

which has more interactions, brems or characteristics?

A

brems

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19
Q

A filament electron interacts with an outer-shell electron of tungsten but does not remove it. Which of the following is produced? 50keV photon, 70 keV photon, heat, brems photon

A

Heat

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20
Q

At what point in the interaction chain of events is a characteristic photon produced?

A

Outer-shell electron filling inner-shell vacancy

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21
Q

A filament electron enters a tungsten target atom with an energy of 70 kVp. It interacts first with an L-shell electron, then with a K-shell electron. Which of the following are produced? 1. K-characteristic x-ray photon, 2. L-characteristic x-ray photon, 3. heat. 1 & 2, 1& 3, 2 & 3, 1, 2, & 3

A

2 & 3 only

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22
Q

What is the energy of an x-ray photon produced when an O-shell electron fills a K-shell vacancy?

A

69.42 KeV

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23
Q

What is the energy of an x-ray photon produced when an L-shell electron fills a K-shell vacancy?

A

57.4 KeV

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24
Q

What is the energy of an x-ray photon produced when an M-shell electron fills an L-shell vacancy?

A

9.28 KeV

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25
Q

What is the energy of an x-ray photon produced when an O-shell electron fills and L-shell vacancy?

A

12.02 KeV

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26
Q

Which of the following is a major source of occupational exposure?

A

Compton interactions

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27
Q

Which interaction, within the diagnostic range, does not involve the removal of an orbital electron?

A

Classical scattering

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28
Q

Which interaction requires 1.02 MeV of energy?

A

Pair production

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29
Q

A photon of 10 MeV colliding with a nucleus will likely result in what type of interaction?

A

Photodisintegration

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30
Q

Which technique will produce the greatest number of photodisintegration events in an average abdomen? 120 kV and 5 mAs, 108 kV and 10 mAs, 98 kV and 20 mAs, none of the above

A

None of the above

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31
Q

Which of the following events will not occur in the diagnostic range of x-ray energies? Classical, compton, photoelectric, photodisintegration

A

Photodisintegration

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32
Q

Positive contrast media is administered to increase what type of interactions?

A

Photoelectric

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33
Q

Which of the following contributes most to image fog? Classical, photoelectric, pair production, compton

A

Compton

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34
Q

Which interaction in the diagnostic range involves the total absorption of the incident photon?

A

Photoelectric effect

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35
Q

When the kV selected is equal to or slightly greater than the inner-shell binding energy of a target tissue atom, which interaction predominates?

A

photoelectric

36
Q

The filament electrons interact with target atoms
to produce x-rays in the following two ways:

A

characteristic interactions & bremsstrahlung (brems) interactions

37
Q

Energy is “characteristic” or dependent on the difference in binding energy between the shells involved

A

Characteristic photons

38
Q

The filament electron misses all the orbital electrons
and interacts with the nucleus of the target atom
The attraction causes the filament electron to slow down and change direction, and in doing so it loses kinetic energy

A

bremsstrahlung interactions

39
Q

how can the energy of a brems photon can be found?

A

by subtracting the energy that the filament electron
leaves the atom with from the energy it had upon
entering

40
Q

With a tungsten target, most of the photons produced are:

A

brems

41
Q

Essential to the tube head assembly
The target window is the primary contributor

A

inherent filtration

42
Q

In a general radiography tube head assembly, this filtration comes in the form of another 2.0 mm Al placed between the target window and the top of the collimator

A

added filtration

43
Q

The combination of inherent and added filtration

A

total filration

44
Q

Adjust for variations
in patient thickness
or density and create
a more uniform
exposure to the IR
Attach to the bottom
of the collimator or
placed adjacent to or
on the anatomic part
of interest

A

compensating filters

45
Q

the total number of x-ray photons in a beam
affected by mAs, kVp, distance, and filtration

A

beam quantity

46
Q

increase in mAs ______ quantity

A

increases

47
Q

increase in kVp ______ quantity

A

increases

48
Q

increase in distance _______ quantity

A

decreases

49
Q

increase in filtration _______ quantity

A

decreases

50
Q

The penetrating power of the x-ray beam

A

Beam quality

51
Q

This refers to those x-ray photons that are transmitted through the body and reach the image receptor

A

penetration

52
Q

serves to remove the lower-energy photons, making the average energy higher

A

filtration

53
Q

measures beam quality
defined as the thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the energy of the beam to one-half its original intensity
found by measuring beam intensity with a radiation detector

A

half value layer (HVL)

54
Q

what is the normal HVL of a diagnostic beam?

A

3-5 mm Al

55
Q

Refers to the x-ray beam
as it is upon exiting the
collimator and exposing
the patient

A

primary beam

56
Q

Refers to the x-ray beam
that remains after
interaction with the patient
and is exiting the patient to
expose the image receptor

A

remnant beam

57
Q

illustrates characteristic x-ray production.
Called this because the photon energies are
limited to just a few exact values

A

discrete emission spectrum

58
Q

Produced when outer-shell electrons fill inner-shell
vacancies in atoms
Named for the shell being filled; there are a number of
bars at each level (K, L, M, etc.) representing the
energy variations depending on the shells involved

A

characteristic photons

59
Q

Brems photons
illustrates brems x-ray production
X-axis: energy
Y-axis: number of photons
A graph of brems photons creates a bell-shaped continuum

A

continuous emission spectrum

60
Q

x-ray emission spectrum
Y-axis changes indicate:

A

changes in quantity

61
Q

x-ray emission spectrum
X-axis changes indicate:

A

changes in quality

62
Q

Five factors change the appearance of the
x-ray emission spectrum:

A

mA, kVp, tube filtration,
generator type, and target material

63
Q

An increase in mA
________ the
amplitude of both the
continuous and
discrete portions of
the spectrum

A

increases

64
Q

An increase in kVp
________ the
amplitude of both
continuous and
discrete portions of
the spectrum and
shifts the right side of
the curve to the right
along the x-axis

A

increases

65
Q

What happens to x-ray production when you change the generator type?

A

High-frequency units are more efficient in producing x-rays than single-phase units

66
Q

Target materials:
As the atomic
number (Z number)
of the target material
_______, so does the
average energy,
quantity of photons,
and the position of
the discrete line of
the spectrum

A

increases

67
Q

increase in mA _____ quantity and _____ quality

A

increases, no effect

68
Q

increase in kVp _____ quantity and _____ quality

A

increases, increases

69
Q

increase in tube filtration _____ quantity and _____ quality

A

decreases, increases

70
Q

increase in generator type _____ quantity and _____ quality

A

increases, increases

71
Q

increase in target material _____ quantity and _____ quality

A

increases, increases

72
Q

K shell binding energy for tungsten:

A

69.5 keV

73
Q

L shell binding energy for tungsten:

A

12.1 keV

74
Q

M shell binding energy for tungsten:

A

2.82 keV

75
Q

N shell binding energy for tungsten:

A

0.6 keV

76
Q

O shell binding energy for tungsten:

A

0.08 keV

77
Q

P shell binding energy for tungsten:

A

0.008 keV

78
Q

when characteristic x-rays are produced, the energy of the x-rays is characteristic of:

A

the atomic number of the target

79
Q

Approximately how much of a filament electron’s kinetic energy is used to produce x-rays instead of heat?

A

1%

80
Q

when a bremsstrahlung x-ray is produced:

A

a projectile electron loses energy

81
Q

within diagnostic range, which type of interaction produces the majority of x-rays?

A

bremsstralung

82
Q

in a tungsten-targeted x-ray tube operated at 90 kVp, the most abundant x-rays would be at:

A

30 keV

83
Q

the area under the curve of the x-ray emission spectrum represents:

A

the quantity

84
Q

the x-ray emission spectrum is a plot of:

A

the number of x-rays versus energy

85
Q

which factor has greatest control over the quality of x-rays?

A

kVp

Radt 1303 Physics (8 decks)

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