Chapter 2 Exam Flashcards
Who created the theory that atoms have 3 fundamental particles?
Niels Bohr
What are the 3 fundamental particles of atoms?
electrons, neutrons, protons
What is the nucleus made up of?
protons and neutrons
What orbits the nucleus?
electrons
What letter and number does the electron shells start with?
K, 1
what is the equation to find out the max number of electrons a shell can hold?
2n^2
(n=electron shell number)
what makes things electrically unstable?
x-rays
what is it called when an atom will gain or lose electrons to obtain 8 electrons in its outer shell, elements want to be a noble gas
octet rule
what produces x-rays?
atomic interactions
what are key determinats of x-ray production?
nuclear binding energy & electron binding energy
two types of interactions in x-ray tube that produce x-rays through a transfer of energy
Characteristics - collision
Bremsstrahlung - “brakes”
Atoms represent targets for interaction
The more complex the atom, the greater the opportunity for interaction
modern theory
part of the x-ray tube, made of tungsten
anode
Why is K shell binding energy greater in larger atoms?
The binding energy increases with large atoms, more complex
number of protons an atom contains in its nucleus
Atomic number
number of protons and neutrons an atom has in its nucleus
Atomic mass number
the simplest form of substances that compose matter
Elements
two or more atoms bonded together
Molecules
protons stay the same, # of neutrons is different
Isotope
neutrons stay the same, # of protons different
Isotone
atomic mass number (p + n) is the same, but # of protons (Z#) is different
Isobar
protons & neutrons stay the same but with different amounts of energy in their nuclei
Isomer
Based on attraction of opposing charges
One atom gives up an electron and one atom takes an extra electron
The difference in electrical charge bonds them together
ionic bonding
An outermost electrons from one atom begins to orbit the nucleus of another adjacent atom in addition to its original nucleus
Figure 9 pattern
covalent bonding
What has a mass of 1.673 x 10^-27 kg?
proton
what has a mass of a mass of 1.675 x 10^-27 kg?
neutron
what has a mass of 9.109 x 10^-31 kg?
electron
what is a characteristic of matter, whether it is a subatomic particle, an atom, or a large object?
electrical charge
what is it called when the atom gains an extra electron, the negative charges outnumber the positives and the atom has a net negative charge?
anion
what is it called when the atom loses an electron, the positive charges outnumber the negative charges, and the atom has a net positive charge?
cation
This energy creates a very strong attraction in the nucleus that overcomes even the natural tendency for like charges to repel
This is what holds the protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus of the atom
nuclear force, binding energy
The ____ of the nucleus is always less than the sum of the ______ of nucleons that make up the nucleus
This difference is called the ____ ______ and it represents the energy necessary to hold the nucleus together
mass, masses, mass defect
_______ ______ is also a measure of the amount of energy necessary to split an atom
binding energy
If a particle strikes the nucleus with energy equal to the nucleus’s binding energy, the atom could _____ _____
This force is referred to as _______ _______ ______ and is expressed in megaelectron-volts (MeV)
break apart, nuclear binding energy
The ______ the electron is to the nucleus, the ________ its binding energy
closer, stronger
Nuclear binding energy and electron binding energy are key determinants of _____ __________
x-ray prodution
_______________ interactions involve the removal of orbital electrons from atoms
Characteristic
______________ interactions involve attraction to the nucleus of the atom, and the penetrating strength (energy) of the x-ray photon produced depends on nuclear binding energy
Bremsstrahlung
The penetrating strength (energy) of the x-ray photon produced depends on the difference in ________________ ________ of the electron shells involved
electron-binding energies
How many elements exist in the natural world?
92
How many elements have been created artificially?
almost 2 dozen
Two or more atoms bonded together form a ________
molecule
based on the attraction of opposing charges
ionic bonding
based on two atoms sharing electrons that then orbit both nuclei
covalent bonding
Which of the following is considered a nucleon?
proton, electron, alpha particle, beta particle
proton
What is the maximum number of electrons permitted in the M shell
18
How many protons does 131|53 I have?
53
How many nucleons are in (39|19) K?
39
132|54 Xe and 131|53 I are:
isotones
130|53 I and 131|53 I are:
isotopes
What is the maximum number of electrons that will occupy the outermost shell of an atom?
8
The maximum number of electrons that can occupy the P shell is:
72
Atoms that bind together because of their opposite charges form:
Ionic bonds
The horizontal periods of the periodic table contain elements with:
The same number of electron shells
