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Radt 1303 Physics > Chapter 2 Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Who created the theory that atoms have 3 fundamental particles?

A

Niels Bohr

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2
Q

What are the 3 fundamental particles of atoms?

A

electrons, neutrons, protons

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3
Q

What is the nucleus made up of?

A

protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What orbits the nucleus?

A

electrons

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5
Q

What letter and number does the electron shells start with?

A

K, 1

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6
Q

what is the equation to find out the max number of electrons a shell can hold?

A

2n^2
(n=electron shell number)

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7
Q

what makes things electrically unstable?

A

x-rays

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8
Q

what is it called when an atom will gain or lose electrons to obtain 8 electrons in its outer shell, elements want to be a noble gas

A

octet rule

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9
Q

what produces x-rays?

A

atomic interactions

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10
Q

what are key determinats of x-ray production?

A

nuclear binding energy & electron binding energy

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11
Q

two types of interactions in x-ray tube that produce x-rays through a transfer of energy

A

Characteristics - collision
Bremsstrahlung - “brakes”

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12
Q

Atoms represent targets for interaction
The more complex the atom, the greater the opportunity for interaction

A

modern theory

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13
Q

part of the x-ray tube, made of tungsten

A

anode

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14
Q

Why is K shell binding energy greater in larger atoms?

A

The binding energy increases with large atoms, more complex

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15
Q

number of protons an atom contains in its nucleus

A

Atomic number

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16
Q

number of protons and neutrons an atom has in its nucleus

A

Atomic mass number

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17
Q

the simplest form of substances that compose matter

A

Elements

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18
Q

two or more atoms bonded together

A

Molecules

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19
Q

protons stay the same, # of neutrons is different

A

Isotope

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20
Q

neutrons stay the same, # of protons different

A

Isotone

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21
Q

atomic mass number (p + n) is the same, but # of protons (Z#) is different

A

Isobar

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22
Q

protons & neutrons stay the same but with different amounts of energy in their nuclei

A

Isomer

23
Q

Based on attraction of opposing charges
One atom gives up an electron and one atom takes an extra electron
The difference in electrical charge bonds them together

A

ionic bonding

24
Q

An outermost electrons from one atom begins to orbit the nucleus of another adjacent atom in addition to its original nucleus
Figure 9 pattern

A

covalent bonding

25
Q

What has a mass of 1.673 x 10^-27 kg?

A

proton

26
Q

what has a mass of a mass of 1.675 x 10^-27 kg?

A

neutron

27
Q

what has a mass of 9.109 x 10^-31 kg?

A

electron

28
Q

what is a characteristic of matter, whether it is a subatomic particle, an atom, or a large object?

A

electrical charge

29
Q

what is it called when the atom gains an extra electron, the negative charges outnumber the positives and the atom has a net negative charge?

A

anion

30
Q

what is it called when the atom loses an electron, the positive charges outnumber the negative charges, and the atom has a net positive charge?

A

cation

31
Q

This energy creates a very strong attraction in the nucleus that overcomes even the natural tendency for like charges to repel
This is what holds the protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus of the atom

A

nuclear force, binding energy

32
Q

The ____ of the nucleus is always less than the sum of the ______ of nucleons that make up the nucleus
This difference is called the ____ ______ and it represents the energy necessary to hold the nucleus together

A

mass, masses, mass defect

33
Q

_______ ______ is also a measure of the amount of energy necessary to split an atom

A

binding energy

34
Q

If a particle strikes the nucleus with energy equal to the nucleus’s binding energy, the atom could _____ _____
This force is referred to as _______ _______ ______ and is expressed in megaelectron-volts (MeV)

A

break apart, nuclear binding energy

35
Q

The ______ the electron is to the nucleus, the ________ its binding energy

A

closer, stronger

36
Q

Nuclear binding energy and electron binding energy are key determinants of _____ __________

A

x-ray prodution

37
Q

_______________ interactions involve the removal of orbital electrons from atoms

A

Characteristic

38
Q

______________ interactions involve attraction to the nucleus of the atom, and the penetrating strength (energy) of the x-ray photon produced depends on nuclear binding energy

A

Bremsstrahlung

39
Q

The penetrating strength (energy) of the x-ray photon produced depends on the difference in ________________ ________ of the electron shells involved

A

electron-binding energies

40
Q

How many elements exist in the natural world?

A

92

41
Q

How many elements have been created artificially?

A

almost 2 dozen

42
Q

Two or more atoms bonded together form a ________

A

molecule

43
Q

based on the attraction of opposing charges

A

ionic bonding

44
Q

based on two atoms sharing electrons that then orbit both nuclei

A

covalent bonding

45
Q

Which of the following is considered a nucleon?
proton, electron, alpha particle, beta particle

A

proton

46
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons permitted in the M shell

A

18

47
Q

How many protons does 131|53 I have?

A

53

48
Q

How many nucleons are in (39|19) K?

A

39

49
Q

132|54 Xe and 131|53 I are:

A

isotones

50
Q

130|53 I and 131|53 I are:

A

isotopes

51
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons that will occupy the outermost shell of an atom?

A

8

52
Q

The maximum number of electrons that can occupy the P shell is:

A

72

53
Q

Atoms that bind together because of their opposite charges form:

A

Ionic bonds

54
Q

The horizontal periods of the periodic table contain elements with:

A

The same number of electron shells

Radt 1303 Physics (8 decks)

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