Chapter 6 - Energy Balance Flashcards
What is the difference in voluntary and involuntary work in the body? Which requires more calories?
involuntary is what you don’t have conscious control over and uses more calories; voluntary you do have conscious control over
What does it mean when a food is energy dense?
a food is energy dense when it is has a high concentration of energy per calories in a small volume of food
What are some energy dense foods?
fat is the most energy dense; walnuts, chickpeas, baked goods, and candy
What does it mean when a food is nutrient dense?
the food has a high concentration of beneficial nutrients in a small volume
What are some nutrient dense foods?
whole foods, fruit, non-starchy vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy
What foods are both nutrient and energy dense?
avocados, cheese, seeds, uts, nut butter and olive oil
What does total energy expenditure (TEE) mean?
the resting energy expenditure (REE) + the energy needed for physical activities + the energy needed for thermic effect of food
What are the three energy demands that determine someone’s TEE?
basal energy expenditure (BEE/BMR), physical activity, and thermic effect of food
What is basal energy expenditure?
60-75% of TEE; internal activities at rest (involuntary)
What is thermic effect of food?
5-10% of TEE; energy for digestion, absorption, and nutrient transport
What percentage of total calories does each area of TEE demand?
basal = 60-75%
physical = variable percent
thermic = 5-10%
What are the calories in BEE used for?
when you are completely at rest, they are used for the brain, heart, liver and kidneys
Does BEE include calories needed for digestion, absorption, and transport of nutrient? Why or why not?
no, these are included in the thermic effect of food
Why do we often measure a REE in clinical settings instead of a BEE? Which is more accurate?
REE is used as it is more realistic and the criteria is less strict; BEE is more accurate but harder to get; Bee is 10% higher on average
Which method is the gold standard for measuring resting energy expenditure? Why?
indirect calorimetry because it measures the exchange of O2 and CO2/the calories needed at complete rest
Which predictive energy equation is most often used in clinical practice to measure REE? Why?
the Mifflin St. Jeor is the most accurate; it measures REE
How does body composition affect a person’s BEE?
more lean body mass = higher BEE
What factors affect body composition?
sex, age, height, metabolic rate as it relates to lean body mass and overall body size
How do periods of growth affect a person’s BEE?
higher during growth to supply the energy to grow (pregnancy, childhood, adolescence)
How does body temperature affect a person’s BEE?
increases temperature increases BEE, and lower temperature decreases BEE
How does hormonal status affect a person’s BEE?
epinephrine increase BEE, growth hormone increases BEE, hypothyroidism decreases BEE, hyperthyroidism increases BEE
How does disease state affect a person’s BEE?
BEE increases with COPD, infection, cancer, AIDS,and burns; BEE decreases with obesity, starvation, anorexia, and immobilization
How does BEE and daily calories need change as we grow older?
we need less calories due to a slowing of growth and we don’t retain skeletal muscle as much after age 60; organs shrink and skeletal muscles shrink
