Chapter 6 - Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Emotional Regulation

Answer 1

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

Question 2

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 2

Erikson’s 3rd psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they don’t succeed at them.

Question 3

Self-Concept

Answer 3

A person’s understanding of who he/she is, incorporating self esteem, physical appearance, personality, and various personal traits, such as gender and size

Question 4

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 4

A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent

Question 5

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 5

A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person’s esteem

Question 6

Imaginary Friends

Answer 6

Make-believe friends who exist only in a child’s imagination; increasingly common from 3 to 7, they combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation

Question 7

Psychopathology

Answer 7

An illness or disorder of the mind

Question 8

Externalizing Problems

Answer 8

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at others or breaking things

Question 9

Internalizing Problems

Answer 9

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless

Question 10

What are Mildred Parten’s 5 Types of Play?

Answer 10

solitary play
onlooker play
parallel play
associative play
cooperative play

Question 11

Solitary Play

Answer 11

Child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby

Question 12

Onlooker Play

Answer 12

Child watches other children play

Question 13

Parallel Play

Answer 13

Children play with similar objects in similar ways, but not together

Question 14

Associative Play

Answer 14

Children interact, sharing material, but their play isn’t reciprocal

Question 15

Cooperative Play

Answer 15

Children play together, creating dramas or taking turns

Question 16

Rough and Tumble Play

Answer 16

Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there’s no intent to harm

Question 17

Sociodramatic Play

Answer 17

Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create

Question 18

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 18

An approach to child-rearing that’s characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication

Question 19

Permissive Parenting

Answer 19

An approach to child-rearing that’s characterized by high nurturance and communication but little disciple, guidance, or control

Question 20

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 20

An approach to child-rearing in which parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

Question 21

Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 21

An approach to child-rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives

Question 22

The outcome of any parenting style is influenced by what three things?

Answer 22

• child’s temperament
• parent’s personality
• social context

Question 23

Sex Difference

Answer 23

Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape

Question 24

Gender Differences

Answer 24

Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females

Question 25

Phallic Stage

Answer 25

Freud’s 3rd stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure.
- Ages 3 to 6

Question 26

Oedipus Complex

Answer 26

Unconscious desire of boys to replace their fathers and win their mother’s exclusive love

Question 27

Superego

Answer 27

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.

Question 28

Electra Complex

Answer 28

Unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father’s exclusive love

Question 29

Identification

Answer 29

An attempt to defend one’s self concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else
- usually the same sex parent for young children

Question 30

Gender Schema

Answer 30

Child’s cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on their observations and experiences

Question 31

Empathy

Answer 31

The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own

Question 32

Antipathy

Answer 32

Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person

Question 33

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 33

Actions that are helpful and kind by that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them

Question 34

Antisocial Behavior

Answer 34

Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

Question 35

When do you become aware that you’re actually hurting someone?

Answer 35

Between the ages of 4 and 5

Question 36

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 36

Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and the keep it.
Often increases from age 2 to 6 and is more egocentric than antisocial.

Question 37

Reactive Aggression

Answer 37

Impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action that can be verbal or physical. Indicated a lack of emotional regulation, characteristic of 2 year olds.

Question 38

Relational Aggression

Answer 38

Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victims and other people.
* Antisocial *

Question 39

Bullying Aggression

Answer 39

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves. For both the bully and the victim, this is a sign of poor emotional regulation.

Question 40

Physical punishment can also be called…

Answer 40

corporal punishment

Question 41

Psychological Control

Answer 41

A disciplinary technique involving threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents

Question 42

Time-Out

Answer 42

Disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and activities for a specified time

Question 43

Induction

Answer 43

Alternative to physical punishment and psychological control.
The parent talks extensively WITH the child and helps them understand why their behavior was wrong.

Question 44

Child Maltreatment

Answer 44

Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment to anyone under 18 years old.

Question 45

Child Abuse

Answer 45

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

Question 46

Child Neglect

Answer 46

Failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

Question 47

Reported Maltreatment

Answer 47

Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities.
- 2.7 to 3.6 million cases of maltreatment are reported each year.

Question 48

Substantiated Maltreatment

Answer 48

Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified.
- 1 in 90 children are victims of substantiated maltreatment

Question 49

Permanency Planning

Answer 49

An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful for the child.

Question 50

Kinship Care

Answer 50

A form of foster care in which a relative of the maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver.