Chapter 6 - Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development Flashcards
Emotional Regulation
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson’s 3rd psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they don’t succeed at them.
Self-Concept
A person’s understanding of who he/she is, incorporating self esteem, physical appearance, personality, and various personal traits, such as gender and size
Intrinsic Motivation
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent
Extrinsic Motivation
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person’s esteem
Imaginary Friends
Make-believe friends who exist only in a child’s imagination; increasingly common from 3 to 7, they combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation
Psychopathology
An illness or disorder of the mind
Externalizing Problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at others or breaking things
Internalizing Problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless
What are Mildred Parten’s 5 Types of Play?
solitary play onlooker play parallel play associative play cooperative play
Solitary Play
Child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby
Onlooker Play
Child watches other children play
Parallel Play
Children play with similar objects in similar ways, but not together
Associative Play
Children interact, sharing material, but their play isn’t reciprocal
Cooperative Play
Children play together, creating dramas or taking turns
Rough and Tumble Play
Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there’s no intent to harm
Sociodramatic Play
Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
Authoritarian Parenting
An approach to child-rearing that’s characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication
Permissive Parenting
An approach to child-rearing that’s characterized by high nurturance and communication but little disciple, guidance, or control
Authoritative Parenting
An approach to child-rearing in which parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children
Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting
An approach to child-rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives
The outcome of any parenting style is influenced by what three things?
- child’s temperament
- parent’s personality
- social context
Sex Difference
Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape
Gender Differences
Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females
Phallic Stage
Freud’s 3rd stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure.
- Ages 3 to 6
Oedipus Complex
Unconscious desire of boys to replace their fathers and win their mother’s exclusive love
Superego
In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.
Electra Complex
Unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father’s exclusive love
Identification
An attempt to defend one’s self concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else
- usually the same sex parent for young children
Gender Schema
Child’s cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on their observations and experiences
Empathy
The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own
Antipathy
Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person
Prosocial Behavior
Actions that are helpful and kind by that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them
Antisocial Behavior
Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person
When do you become aware that you’re actually hurting someone?
Between the ages of 4 and 5
Instrumental Aggression
Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and the keep it.
Often increases from age 2 to 6 and is more egocentric than antisocial.
Reactive Aggression
Impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action that can be verbal or physical. Indicated a lack of emotional regulation, characteristic of 2 year olds.
Relational Aggression
Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victims and other people.
* Antisocial *
Bullying Aggression
Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves. For both the bully and the victim, this is a sign of poor emotional regulation.
Physical punishment can also be called…
corporal punishment
Psychological Control
A disciplinary technique involving threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
Time-Out
Disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and activities for a specified time
Induction
Alternative to physical punishment and psychological control.
The parent talks extensively WITH the child and helps them understand why their behavior was wrong.
Child Maltreatment
Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment to anyone under 18 years old.
Child Abuse
Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being
Child Neglect
Failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs
Reported Maltreatment
Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities.
- 2.7 to 3.6 million cases of maltreatment are reported each year.
Substantiated Maltreatment
Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified.
- 1 in 90 children are victims of substantiated maltreatment
Permanency Planning
An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful for the child.
Kinship Care
A form of foster care in which a relative of the maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver.
