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NURS 2001 > Chapter 5 - Early Childhood: Body and Mind > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Early Childhood: Body and Mind Flashcards

1
Q

Center of gravity moves from the _____ to the _____

A

breast; belly

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2
Q

How much does the average child in a developed nation weigh at 6 years old?

A

40-50 pounds

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3
Q

How tall is the average 6 year old in a developed nation?

A

at least 3 1/2 feet tall

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4
Q

Almost every nation’s 4 year olds are more __________ than their two year olds

A

overweight

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5
Q

What are common deficiencies in a young child’s diet?

A

zinc, iron, calcium

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6
Q

Just Right

A

the tendency of children to insist on having things done in a particular way
ex: clothes, food, bedtime routine

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7
Q

The “just right” phase is common at age __ and fades at age __

A

3; 6

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8
Q

What percent of children have a food allergy?

A

3-8%

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9
Q

When should kids start brushing their teeth and visiting the dentist?

A

before age 3

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10
Q

What percentage of kids in the US have tooth decay?

A

33%

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11
Q

Plumbism

A

lead poisoning

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12
Q

Injury Control/Harm Reduction

A

Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents aren’t random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place.

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13
Q

What is the leading cause of unintentional death from ages 1 to 4?

A

drowning

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14
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance such as injury, disease, or abuse

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15
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Actions that avert harm in a high risk situation

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16
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability

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17
Q

The 2 year old brain is ___% its adult weight, while the 6 year old brain is ___% its adult weight

A

75%; 90%

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18
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Area of cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control

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19
Q

Myelination

A

Process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

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20
Q

Why does brain weight increase after infancy?

A

Myelination

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21
Q

Perseveration

A

The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time

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22
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A long, thick band of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing for communication between them.

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23
Q

What is the left hemisphere of the brain known for?

A

Logical reasoning, detailed analysis, language basics

24
Q

What is the right hemisphere of the brain known for?

A

Emotions, creativity, appreciation of arts

25
Q

Lateralization

A

Literally, “sidedness,” referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.

26
Q

Limbic System

A

Major brain region crucial to the development of emotional expression and regulation; its 3 main areas are the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus (although many other areas of the brain are involved in emotion)

27
Q

Amygdala

A

Tiny brain structure that registers emotions, especially fear and anxiety

28
Q

Hippocampus

A

Brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations

29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brain area that responds to the amygdala and hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body

30
Q

Preoperational Intelligence

A

Piaget’s term for cognitive development between ages 2 and 6; includes language and imagination (which involved symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible

31
Q

Symbolic Thought

A

The concept that an object or word can stand for something else, including something pretend or not seen. Makes language much more useful.

32
Q

Animism

A

Belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive

33
Q

Centration

A

Characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others

34
Q

Egocentrism

A

Piaget’s term for young children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective

35
Q

Focus on Appearance

A

Characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that aren’t apparent

36
Q

Static Reasoning

A

Characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child think that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.

37
Q

Irreversibility

A

Characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone; a change cannot be reversed

38
Q

Conservation

A

Principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (is conserved) even when its appearance changes

39
Q

According to Vygotsky, why do children learn?

A

Because their mentors present challenges, offer assistance, add crucial information, and encourage motivation

40
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Vygotsky’s term for the cognitive and physical skills that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently

41
Q

Scaffolding

A

Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

42
Q

Overimitation

A

Tendency of children to copy and action that isn’t a relevant part of the behavior to be learned; common among 2 to 6 year olds when they imitate adult actions are irrelevant and inefficient

43
Q

Theory-Theory

A

Idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear

44
Q

What do children mainly ask about?

A

human behavior

45
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Person’s theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people aren’t necessarily thinking the same thoughts they are; that realization is seldom achieved before age 4

46
Q

The average 2 year old knows ___ words while the average 6 year old knows ______ words.

A

500; more than 10,000

47
Q

Fast-Mapping

A

The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning

48
Q

Logical Extension

A

After learning a word, children use it to describe other objects in the same category, ex: a “Dalmation” cow

49
Q

5 Strategies for Fluent Reading

A
  1. Code-focused teaching
  2. Book reading
  3. Parent education
  4. Language enhancement
  5. Preschool programs
50
Q

Genes affect ________ language more than ________ language

A

expressive (written/spoken); receptive (heard/read)

51
Q

Overregularization

A

Application of rules of grammar even when exception occur, making the language seem more “regular” than it actually is

52
Q

Balanced Bilingual

A

Person fluent in 2 languages, not favoring one over the other

53
Q

Montessori Schools

A

Schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori; it emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do

54
Q

Reggio Emilia

A

Famous program of early-childhood education that originated in Reggio Emilia, Italy; it encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting

55
Q

Head Start

A

Most widespread early-childhood education program in the US, begun in 1965 and funded by the federal government.

NURS 2001 (9 decks)

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