Chapter 6 - Digestive System Flashcards
Or/o
Mouth
Stomat/o
Mouth
Gloss/o
Tongue
Lingu/o
Tongue
Bucc/o
Check
Cheil/o
Lip
Labi/o
Lip
Dent/o
Teeth
Odont/o
Teeth
Gingiv/o
Gum(s)
Sial/o
Saliva, salivary gland
Esophag/o
Esophagus
Pharyng/o
Pharynx (throat)
Gastr/o
Stomach
Pylor/o
Pylorus
Duoden/o
Duodenum (first part of the small intestine)
Enter/o
Intestine (usually the small intestine)
Jejum/o
Jejunum (second part of the small intestine)
ile/o
ileum (third part of the small intestine)
Append/o
Appendix
Appendic/o
Appendix
Col/o
Colon
Colon/o
Colon
Sigmoid/o
Sigmoid colon
Rect/o
Rectum
Proct/o
Anus, rectum
An/o
Anus
Hepat/o
Liver
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
Cholangi/o
Bile vessel
Chol/e
Bile, gall
Cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
Choledoch/o
Bile duct
-emesis
Vomit
-iasis
Abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
-megaly
Enlargement
-orexia
Appetite
-pepsia
Digestion
-phagia
Swallowing, eating
-prandial
Meal
-rrhea
Discharge, flow
Dia-
Through, across
Peri-
Around
Sub-
Under, below
Anorexia
lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection
Ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdomen
Borborygmus
Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
Cachexia
Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and cancer; also called wasting syndrome
Cholelithiasis
Presents or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder
Cirrhosis
Scarring and disfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
Crohn disease
Form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis
Dysentery
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites; and results and bloody diarrhea
Flatus
Gas in the G.I. tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
Halitosis
Foul smelling breath
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or oesophagus
Hemorrhoids
Swollen varicose vein‘s in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal
Usually caused by abdominal pressure straining during pregnancy, bowel movement, and standing or sitting for long periods
Intestinal obstruction
Mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines that occurs when the contents of the entire stone cannot move forward through the intestinal tract because of a partial or complete blockage of the bowel
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhoea) for which no organic cause can be determined
Also called spastic colon
Contributing or aggravating factors of IBS can include anxiety and stress
Malabsorption syndrome
Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph
Melena
Dark, tar-like feces that contain digestive blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach
Obesity
Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, Usually an increase of 20% or more about the ideal body weight
Morbid
Obesity in which the body mass index BMI is greater than 40 and generally 100 pounds or more over the ideal body weight
It can threaten necessary body functions such as respiration
Obstipation
Severe constipation which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction
Oral Leukoplakia
Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek
Caused primarily by irritation
It’s a pre-cancerous condition, usually associated with pipe or cigarette smoking or ill fitting dentures
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Occurs when digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue, causing damage to the gland.
Most commonly caused by alcoholism, gallstone obstruction, drug toxicity, or infection of the pancreas caused by bacteria or viruses
Pyloric stenosis
Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine
Regurgitation
A backward flow, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, commonly beginning in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upward into the entire colon
Gastrointestinal endoscopy
Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fibre optic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumours
Hepatitis panel
Panel of blood test that identifies the specific virus (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C) that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens
Liver function test LFTs
Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and condition is commonly associated with the biliary tract
Evaluates liver enzymes, Bilirubin, and proteins produced by the liver
Serum Bilirubin
Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood
Elevated serum bilirubin indicate excessive destruction of the erythrocytes, liver disease, or Billary tract obstruction
Stool culture
Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing gastrointestinal infection
Feces are examined microscopically
Stool guaiac
Test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called hemoccult
Helps detect: cancer and bleeding associated with digestive disorders
Computed tomography
Imaging technique achieved by rotating in x-ray to emitter around the area to be scanned in measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
Generates a detailed cross-sectional image that appears as a slice
Lower gastrointestinal series
Radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum
also called lower G.I. series or barium enema
Oral cholecystography
Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet
Evaluates gallbladder function and identifies the presence of disease or gallstones
Magnetic resonance imaging MRI
Technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to reduce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
Special MRI technique that produces detailed images of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems, including the liver, gallbladder, bile ducks, pancreas, and pancreatic duct
Can help determine whether gallstones are lodged in any of the ducks surrounding the gallbladder
Ultrasonography
Test in which high-frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echos to produce an image on monitor of an internal body structure also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
Abdominal
Ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducks, pancreas, kidneys, ureter‘s, and bladder
Endoscopic
Combination of endoscope be an ultrasound that examines and obtains images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissues and organs
Upper gastrointestinal series
Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow
Anastmosis
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
Intestinal
Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines
Ilorectal
Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
Appendectomy
Excision of a diseased appendix using an open or Laparoscopic procedure
Appendectomy Open procedure
Excision of diseased appendix through a 2 inch to 3 inch incision in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
Appendectomy laparoscopic procedure
Minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on the monitor
May slightly reduce recovery time
However, the procedure takes longer and has additional risks
Bariatric surgery
Group of procedures to treat morbid obesity, a condition that arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and resultant health problems
Vertical banded gastroplasty
Bariatric surgery that involves vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the oesophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fulness
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
Bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the non-functioning portion of the stomach to form a wire configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats,
also called gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy
Colostomy
Surgical procedure in which the surgeon forms and opening my drawing to help the end of the call into an incision in the interior abdominal wall and suturing in place
Diverts fecal flow to a colostomy bag and provides a new path for waste material to leave the body
Lithotripsy
Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shockwaves
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
Use of shockwaves is a non-invasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts
Paracentesis
Procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a long, thin needle inserted through the belly
Also called abdominocentesis
Polypectomy
Excision of a polyp
Nasogastric intubation
Insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distension by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
