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Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach > Chapter 6 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Or/o

A

Mouth

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2
Q

Stomat/o

A

Mouth

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3
Q

Gloss/o

A

Tongue

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4
Q

Lingu/o

A

Tongue

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5
Q

Bucc/o

A

Check

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6
Q

Cheil/o

A

Lip

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7
Q

Labi/o

A

Lip

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8
Q

Dent/o

A

Teeth

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9
Q

Odont/o

A

Teeth

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10
Q

Gingiv/o

A

Gum(s)

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11
Q

Sial/o

A

Saliva, salivary gland

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12
Q

Esophag/o

A

Esophagus

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13
Q

Pharyng/o

A

Pharynx (throat)

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14
Q

Gastr/o

A

Stomach

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15
Q

Pylor/o

A

Pylorus

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16
Q

Duoden/o

A

Duodenum (first part of the small intestine)

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17
Q

Enter/o

A

Intestine (usually the small intestine)

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18
Q

Jejum/o

A

Jejunum (second part of the small intestine)

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19
Q

ile/o

A

ileum (third part of the small intestine)

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20
Q

Append/o

A

Appendix

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21
Q

Appendic/o

A

Appendix

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22
Q

Col/o

A

Colon

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23
Q

Colon/o

A

Colon

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24
Q

Sigmoid/o

A

Sigmoid colon

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25
Q

Rect/o

A

Rectum

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26
Q

Proct/o

A

Anus, rectum

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27
Q

An/o

A

Anus

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28
Q

Hepat/o

A

Liver

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29
Q

Pancreat/o

A

Pancreas

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30
Q

Cholangi/o

A

Bile vessel

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31
Q

Chol/e

A

Bile, gall

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32
Q

Cholecyst/o

A

Gallbladder

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33
Q

Choledoch/o

A

Bile duct

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34
Q

-emesis

A

Vomit

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35
Q

-iasis

A

Abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

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36
Q

-megaly

A

Enlargement

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37
Q

-orexia

A

Appetite

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38
Q

-pepsia

A

Digestion

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39
Q

-phagia

A

Swallowing, eating

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40
Q

-prandial

A

Meal

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41
Q

-rrhea

A

Discharge, flow

42
Q

Dia-

A

Through, across

43
Q

Peri-

A

Around

44
Q

Sub-

A

Under, below

45
Q

Anorexia

A

lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

46
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection

47
Q

Ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdomen

48
Q

Borborygmus

A

Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

49
Q

Cachexia

A

Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and cancer; also called wasting syndrome

50
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Presents or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder

51
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Scarring and disfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease

52
Q

Crohn disease

A

Form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis

53
Q

Dysentery

A

Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites; and results and bloody diarrhea

54
Q

Flatus

A

Gas in the G.I. tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus

55
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

56
Q

Halitosis

A

Foul smelling breath

57
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or oesophagus

58
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Swollen varicose vein‘s in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal

Usually caused by abdominal pressure straining during pregnancy, bowel movement, and standing or sitting for long periods

59
Q

Intestinal obstruction

A

Mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines that occurs when the contents of the entire stone cannot move forward through the intestinal tract because of a partial or complete blockage of the bowel

60
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhoea) for which no organic cause can be determined

Also called spastic colon

Contributing or aggravating factors of IBS can include anxiety and stress

61
Q

Malabsorption syndrome

A

Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

62
Q

Melena

A

Dark, tar-like feces that contain digestive blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach

63
Q

Obesity

A

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, Usually an increase of 20% or more about the ideal body weight

64
Q

Morbid

A

Obesity in which the body mass index BMI is greater than 40 and generally 100 pounds or more over the ideal body weight

It can threaten necessary body functions such as respiration

65
Q

Obstipation

A

Severe constipation which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction

66
Q

Oral Leukoplakia

A

Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek
Caused primarily by irritation

It’s a pre-cancerous condition, usually associated with pipe or cigarette smoking or ill fitting dentures

67
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

Occurs when digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue, causing damage to the gland.

Most commonly caused by alcoholism, gallstone obstruction, drug toxicity, or infection of the pancreas caused by bacteria or viruses

68
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

69
Q

Regurgitation

A

A backward flow, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

70
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, commonly beginning in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upward into the entire colon

71
Q

Gastrointestinal endoscopy

A

Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fibre optic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumours

72
Q

Hepatitis panel

A

Panel of blood test that identifies the specific virus (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C) that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens

73
Q

Liver function test LFTs

A

Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and condition is commonly associated with the biliary tract

Evaluates liver enzymes, Bilirubin, and proteins produced by the liver

74
Q

Serum Bilirubin

A

Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

Elevated serum bilirubin indicate excessive destruction of the erythrocytes, liver disease, or Billary tract obstruction

75
Q

Stool culture

A

Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing gastrointestinal infection

Feces are examined microscopically

76
Q

Stool guaiac

A

Test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called hemoccult

Helps detect: cancer and bleeding associated with digestive disorders

77
Q

Computed tomography

A

Imaging technique achieved by rotating in x-ray to emitter around the area to be scanned in measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

Generates a detailed cross-sectional image that appears as a slice

78
Q

Lower gastrointestinal series

A

Radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum

also called lower G.I. series or barium enema

79
Q

Oral cholecystography

A

Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

Evaluates gallbladder function and identifies the presence of disease or gallstones

80
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging MRI

A

Technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to reduce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

81
Q

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

A

Special MRI technique that produces detailed images of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems, including the liver, gallbladder, bile ducks, pancreas, and pancreatic duct

Can help determine whether gallstones are lodged in any of the ducks surrounding the gallbladder

82
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Test in which high-frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echos to produce an image on monitor of an internal body structure also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

83
Q

Abdominal

A

Ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducks, pancreas, kidneys, ureter‘s, and bladder

84
Q

Endoscopic

A

Combination of endoscope be an ultrasound that examines and obtains images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissues and organs

85
Q

Upper gastrointestinal series

A

Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow

86
Q

Anastmosis

A

Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

87
Q

Intestinal

A

Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines

88
Q

Ilorectal

A

Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

89
Q

Appendectomy

A

Excision of a diseased appendix using an open or Laparoscopic procedure

90
Q

Appendectomy Open procedure

A

Excision of diseased appendix through a 2 inch to 3 inch incision in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen

91
Q

Appendectomy laparoscopic procedure

A

Minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on the monitor

May slightly reduce recovery time
However, the procedure takes longer and has additional risks

92
Q

Bariatric surgery

A

Group of procedures to treat morbid obesity, a condition that arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and resultant health problems

93
Q

Vertical banded gastroplasty

A

Bariatric surgery that involves vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the oesophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fulness

94
Q

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

A

Bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the non-functioning portion of the stomach to form a wire configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats,

also called gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy

95
Q

Colostomy

A

Surgical procedure in which the surgeon forms and opening my drawing to help the end of the call into an incision in the interior abdominal wall and suturing in place

Diverts fecal flow to a colostomy bag and provides a new path for waste material to leave the body

96
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shockwaves

97
Q

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

A

Use of shockwaves is a non-invasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts

98
Q

Paracentesis

A

Procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a long, thin needle inserted through the belly

Also called abdominocentesis

99
Q

Polypectomy

A

Excision of a polyp

100
Q

Nasogastric intubation

A

Insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distension by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach (7 decks)

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