Chapter 4 - Body Structure Flashcards
Adhesion
Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated.
May occur in the body cavities as a result of surgery.
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of systematic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from the site
Febrile
Having or showing symptoms of a fever
Gangrene
Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection.
Hernia
Protrusion of any organ through the structure which normally contains it
Inflammation
Body defence against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function
Mycosis
Any fungal infection in or on the body
Perforation
Hole that completely penetrates a structure
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi
Rupture
Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
Septicemia
Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood also called sepsis or blood poisoning
Suppuration
Process of forming puss
Assessment techniques
Sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient
Auscultation
Listening to the heart, vowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds
Inspection
General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas.
Palpation
Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures.
Percussion
Tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure.
Especially helpful in assessing the thorax and abdomen.
Endoscopy
Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope.
Endoscopy is used for biopsy, surgery, aspiration of fluids, and coagulation of bleeding areas.
Blood chemistry analysis
Laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions.
Complete blood count (CBC)
Broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases.
Usually part of a routine physical examination.
Computed tomography (CT)
Imaging technique that rotates an X-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from differ t angles.
It may detect rumour masses, bone displacement, and fluid accumulation.
Fluoroscopy
Technique in which X-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion.
Helps view the motions of organs
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an X-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues.
Helps diagnose a growing number of diseases because it provides superior soft tissue contrast.
Nuclear scan
Technique in which a radioactive material (radio pharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested it injected), and a specialized camera (gamma camera) produces images of organs and structures.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Computed tomography records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease.
Radiography
Technique in which xrays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called an X-ray
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs
Ultrasonography
High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected “echos” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo.
Creates real-time moving images.
Biopsy
Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis.
Excisional
Biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed
Incisional
Biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed.
Ablation
Removal of a body part, pathway or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency
Anastomosis
Surgical joint of the two ducts, vessels, or vowel segments to allow flow from one to another
Curettage
Scraping of body cavity with a spoon shaped instrument called curette
Electrocauterization
Use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue
Incision and drainage
Incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess of body cavity.
Laser surgery
Use of a high intensity laser light beam to remove diseases tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic surgeries
Revision
Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery.
Cyt/o
Cell
Hist/o
Tissue
Kary/o
Nucleus
Nucle/o
Nucleus
Anter/o
Anterior, front
Caud/o
Tail
Cephal/o
Head
Dist/o
Far, farthest
Dors/o
Back (of body)
Infer/o
Lower, below
Later/o
Side, to one side
Medi/o
Middle
Poster/o
Back (of body), behind, posterior
Proxim/o
Near, nearest
Ventr/o
Belly, belly side
Albin/o
White
Leuk/o
White
Leukocyte - white cell
Chrom/o
Color
Cirrh/o
Yellow
Jaund/o
Yellow
Xanth/o
Yellow
Cyan/o
Blue
Erythr/o
Red
Melan/o
Black
Poli/o
Gray; gray matter (of the brain or spinal cord)
Radi/o
Radiation, X-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)
Tom/o
To cut
Viscer/o
Internal organs
Where is the Dorsal Cavity located and what does it contain?
Located at the back of the body.
Contains the cranial cavity & the spinal cavity.
What does the cranial cavity contain?
Formed by the skull; contains the brain
What does the spinal cavity contain?
Formed by the backbone; contains the spine.
What are Meninges
Membranes that line the cranial and spinal cavities, and also cover the brain and spinal cord.
Where is the Ventral Cavity located and what does it contain?
Located in the front of the body; contains the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities.
Abdominopelvic; further divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
What does that thoracic cavity contain?
It contains the lungs and heart.
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
It contains the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys.
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Urinary bladder and reproductive organs
Describe the anatomical position
Standing erect, facing forward, arms by sides with palms forward, feet parallel to each other
State the five levels of organization within the body
Cell Tissue Organ Systems Organism
Diagnoses
Establishing the cause of a disease
