chapter 6 Development and industry

Question 1

commodity chain

Answer 1

a series of links connecting many places of production and distribution that results in a commodity that is then exchanges on the market.

Question 2

developing

Answer 2

progress is being made in technology production, an socio-economic well-being

Question 3

Gross National product (GNP)

Answer 3

Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by citizens and corporations of a country in a given year.

Question 4

gross domestic product (GDP)

Answer 4

encompasses only goods and services produced within a country during a given year.

Question 5

Per capita (GNI)

Answer 5

the gross national product of a given country divided by its population.

Question 6

formal economy

Answer 6

teh legal economy that gov tax and monitor.

Question 7

informal economy

Answer 7

economy that is not taxed.

Question 8

modernization model

Answer 8

Walt Rostow’s model. All countries follow a similar path to development or modernization advances through 5 stages of development.

Question 9

colonialism

Answer 9

The major world powers cont. to control the economies of poorer countries, even though they’re independent states.

Question 10

Structuralist theory

Answer 10

holds that difficult to change , large scale economic arrangements shape what can happen in fundamental ways.

Question 11

dependency theory

Answer 11

political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorere areas.

Question 12

dollarization

Answer 12

where the country’s currency, the colon ,was abandoned for the dollar. example: elize.

Question 13

World systems theory

Answer 13

theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three- tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world

Question 14

three-tier structure

Answer 14

with reference to Immanuel Wallerstein’s world systems theory, the division of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy.

Question 15

millenium development goals

Answer 15

represent a fairly high degree of consensus about the key conditions that need to be changed if economic development is to be achieved. Example: HIV is still high.

Question 16

trafficking

Answer 16

when a family sends a child or an adult to a labor recruiter in hopes that the labor recruiter will send money, and the family member will earn money to send home.

Question 17

Structural adjustment loans

Answer 17

loans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to countries in the periphery and the semi periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country(e.g. privatization of certain government entities and opening the country to foreign trade and investment)
another definition:the countries that have to agree to adding economic governmental forms, like making government entites private, reducing tariffs, and encouraging foreign direct investment.

Question 18

neoliberalism

Answer 18

government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable, and should be resisted wherever possible. Popular during the late twentieth century, structural adjustment loans were often part of neoliberalism.

Question 19

vectored diseases

Answer 19

disease carried from a host to another by an intermediate host

Question 20

Malaria

Answer 20

an infectious disease that is spread by mosquitoes that carry the parasite in their saliva.

Question 21

export processing zones

Answer 21

zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

Question 22

special economic zones

Answer 22

Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

Question 23

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Answer 23

Agreement between Canada, Mexico, and USA that eliminates barriers to trade and facilitate the cross border movement of goods and services between countries.

Question 24

desertification

Answer 24

humans destroying vegetation and eroding soils through overuse of lands for livestock grazing or crop production.

Question 25

Island of Development

Answer 25

development place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure
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Question 26

nongovernmental organizations (NGOS)

Answer 26

international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.

Question 27

microcredit program

Answer 27

give loans to poor people particularly when to encourage development of small business.

Question 28

Industrial revolution

Answer 28

The social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing that resulted from technology.

Question 29

Primary INdusrty region

Answer 29

The four primary industrial regions that stand out on the map are Western and Central Europe, Eastern North America, Russia and Ukraine, and Eastern Asia.

Question 30

gloabalization

Answer 30

a set of processes that are increasing interaction, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borers.

Question 31

Fordist

Answer 31

organized and specialized system for organizing industrial production and labor. features the assembly line production.

Question 32

vertical integration

Answer 32

ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that existed along a variety of points on a commodity chain.

Question 33

Friction of distance

Answer 33

The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increased distance over which commodities must travel.

Question 34

least cost theory

Answer 34

a factory owner’s want to minimize 3 categories of cost.

Question 35

agglomeration

Answer 35

clustering industries. or Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

Question 36

flexible production systems

Answer 36

production process in which components of goods are made in different places in the world and then in the world and then brought together to meet customer demand.

Question 37

commodification

Answer 37

goods that weren’t previously bought, sold, and traded gain a monetary value and are bought, sold, and traded on the market.

Question 38

global division of labor

Answer 38

Labor is concentrated in the global economic periphery and semi periphery to take advantage of lower labor costs, whereas research and development is income.

Question 39

just-in -time- delivery

Answer 39

method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production will arrive when needed

Question 40

spatial fix

Answer 40

moving production from one site to another based on the place-based cost advantages of the new site.

Question 41

outsourced

Answer 41

to turn over in part or in total third party.

Question 42

offshore

Answer 42

the outsource to a third party located outside of the country.

Question 43

intermodal connection

Answer 43

places where 2 or more modes of transportation meet in order to ease flow of goods and reduce costs of transportation.

Question 44

deindustrialization

Answer 44

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

Question 45

newly industrializing countries

Answer 45

states the underwent industrialization after ww2 and whose economies have grown at a rapid rate.

Question 46

break of bulk point

Answer 46

where goods re transferred from one mode of transport to another.

Question 47

rust belt

Answer 47

evoking the image of long-abandoned, rusted out steel factories.

Question 48

sun belt

Answer 48

southern region of the united states, stretching through the Southeast the southwest.

Question 49

growth pole

Answer 49

a grouping of firms or an industry that generates expansion in an economy.

Question 50

techno pole

Answer 50

an area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on synergy among technological companies occurs.