chapter 6 Development and industry Flashcards
commodity chain
a series of links connecting many places of production and distribution that results in a commodity that is then exchanges on the market.
developing
progress is being made in technology production, an socio-economic well-being
Gross National product (GNP)
Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by citizens and corporations of a country in a given year.
gross domestic product (GDP)
encompasses only goods and services produced within a country during a given year.
Per capita (GNI)
the gross national product of a given country divided by its population.
formal economy
teh legal economy that gov tax and monitor.
informal economy
economy that is not taxed.
modernization model
Walt Rostow’s model. All countries follow a similar path to development or modernization advances through 5 stages of development.
colonialism
The major world powers cont. to control the economies of poorer countries, even though they’re independent states.
Structuralist theory
holds that difficult to change , large scale economic arrangements shape what can happen in fundamental ways.
dependency theory
political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorere areas.
dollarization
where the country’s currency, the colon ,was abandoned for the dollar. example: elize.
World systems theory
theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three- tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world
three-tier structure
with reference to Immanuel Wallerstein’s world systems theory, the division of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy.
millenium development goals
represent a fairly high degree of consensus about the key conditions that need to be changed if economic development is to be achieved. Example: HIV is still high.
trafficking
when a family sends a child or an adult to a labor recruiter in hopes that the labor recruiter will send money, and the family member will earn money to send home.
Structural adjustment loans
loans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to countries in the periphery and the semi periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country(e.g. privatization of certain government entities and opening the country to foreign trade and investment)
another definition:the countries that have to agree to adding economic governmental forms, like making government entites private, reducing tariffs, and encouraging foreign direct investment.
neoliberalism
government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable, and should be resisted wherever possible. Popular during the late twentieth century, structural adjustment loans were often part of neoliberalism.
vectored diseases
disease carried from a host to another by an intermediate host
Malaria
an infectious disease that is spread by mosquitoes that carry the parasite in their saliva.
export processing zones
zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment
special economic zones
Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Agreement between Canada, Mexico, and USA that eliminates barriers to trade and facilitate the cross border movement of goods and services between countries.
desertification
humans destroying vegetation and eroding soils through overuse of lands for livestock grazing or crop production.
Island of Development
development place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure
nongovernmental organizations (NGOS)
international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.
microcredit program
give loans to poor people particularly when to encourage development of small business.
Industrial revolution
The social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing that resulted from technology.
Primary INdusrty region
The four primary industrial regions that stand out on the map are Western and Central Europe, Eastern North America, Russia and Ukraine, and Eastern Asia.
gloabalization
a set of processes that are increasing interaction, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borers.
Fordist
organized and specialized system for organizing industrial production and labor. features the assembly line production.
vertical integration
ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that existed along a variety of points on a commodity chain.
Friction of distance
The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increased distance over which commodities must travel.
least cost theory
a factory owner’s want to minimize 3 categories of cost.
agglomeration
clustering industries. or Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.
flexible production systems
production process in which components of goods are made in different places in the world and then in the world and then brought together to meet customer demand.
commodification
goods that weren’t previously bought, sold, and traded gain a monetary value and are bought, sold, and traded on the market.
global division of labor
Labor is concentrated in the global economic periphery and semi periphery to take advantage of lower labor costs, whereas research and development is income.
just-in -time- delivery
method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production will arrive when needed
spatial fix
moving production from one site to another based on the place-based cost advantages of the new site.
outsourced
to turn over in part or in total third party.
offshore
the outsource to a third party located outside of the country.
intermodal connection
places where 2 or more modes of transportation meet in order to ease flow of goods and reduce costs of transportation.
deindustrialization
process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment
newly industrializing countries
states the underwent industrialization after ww2 and whose economies have grown at a rapid rate.
break of bulk point
where goods re transferred from one mode of transport to another.
rust belt
evoking the image of long-abandoned, rusted out steel factories.
sun belt
southern region of the united states, stretching through the Southeast the southwest.
growth pole
a grouping of firms or an industry that generates expansion in an economy.
techno pole
an area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on synergy among technological companies occurs.
