Chapter 4 political geography Flashcards
Political geography
the study of the political organizations of the world
State
a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory and gov. ex. modern US and canada
Territory
central to the state.
territoriality
process by which such units come into being.
sovereignty
the right of individual states to control political and economic affairs within their territorial boundaries without external interference. the supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries
territorial integrity
The right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states.
mercantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading.
Peace of Westphalia
Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War, Europe’s most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security
Nation
A group of people who think of themselves as one based on sense of culture and history and who seek same degree of political territory.
nation-state
a state whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity. example: Japan
democracy`
The idea that people are the ultimate sovereign that is the people, the nation, have the ultimate say over, what happens within the state.
Multi-national state
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
multi-state nation
When a nation stretches across the borders and across states. EX-north and south sudan, and North and South Korea.
stateless nations
a nation without a state. Ex-Kurds
colonialism
attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
scale
Representation of a real world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization.
world-systems theory
to understand any state, we must also understand its spatial and functional relationships with the world economy.
commodification
process of placing a price on a good, service, or idea and then buying, selling, and trading that item.
capitalism
in the world economy, individuals, corp. states produce goods and services that are exchanged for profit.
core
processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology.
Periphery
more commonly has lower levels of education and less technology, associated with more marginal position in the world economy.
semi periphery
places where core and periphery processes are both accuring; places that are exploited by the core, but in turn exploit to periphery.
centripetal forces
forces within the state that unify the people.
centrifugal forces
forces that divide states.
unitary
Central government has the power. (Example: Russia) An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.
federal
an internal organization of a state that allocated most powers to units of local government.
devolution
the transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state’s territory.
territorial representation
system where in each representative is elected from a territory defined district.
reapportionment
The assigning by Congress of congressional seats after each census. State legislatures reapportion state legislative districts.
gerrymandering
to re-draw voting district boundaries in such a way as to give one political party maximum electoral advantage and to reduce that of another party, to fragment voting blocks, or to achieve other non-democratic objectives
geomatric boundaries
boundaries that are drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range political geographers refer to these boundaries as geometric boundaries.
physical-political boundaries
political boundary defined and delineated by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape such as a river or the crest ridges of a Mtn range.
heartland theory
A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world.
sovereign state
a state which administers its own gov. and is not dependent upon, or subject to another power. ex-UK, Rep of Ireland.
frontier
a zone where no state exercises has complete political control. Example:Kurds.
compact state
state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions. example: Switzerland, Poland, Kenya
elongated state
a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape. example: Chile, Sweden, and Italy.
fragmented state
a state that is not contiguous whole, but rather separated parts.
example of fragmented state
Greece, Tanzania, Indonesia.
preforated state
A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.
example of preforated state
Italy (Vatican City and San Marino) Lesotho.
exclave state
a portion of the state is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country.
example of exclave state
Russia and US
Enclave state
a country or part of a ocuntry that is surrounded by another, no political power.
example of enclave state
Vatican city
landlocked state
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
example of landlocked state
Lesotho, Serbia, Austria etc.
Resource (allocational) dispute
dispute over location and resources.
positional (locational) dispute
focus on the delimitation and possibly demarcation of the boundary.
functional (operational) dispute
focus on neighbors who differ over the way their border should function.
territorial dispute
dispute over the territory.
buffer state
a small neutral state between 2 rival powers.
shatter belts
an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values.
What is the core area of the US?
the New York- Washington DC area.
unitary gov.
central gov. has the power. An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central gov. officials.
Confederate gov.
a group of states united for common purpose.
federal gov.
An internal organization of a state that allocated most powers to units of local gov.
centripetal forces
forces tending to move toward a center.
centrifugal forces
tending to move away from the center.
gerrymandering
to divide ( a geographic area) into voting districts so as to give an unfair advantage to one party in elections.
Imperialism
any instance of aggressive extension of authority.
devolution
the process of declining from higher to lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality.
Where did the British colonize?
?
Rimland theory
strip of coastal land that encircles Eurasia, is more important than the central Asian zone for the control of the eurasian continent.
Heartland theory
sir halford Mackinder, whoever controls Eastern Europe controls the heartland.
Domino theory
political event in one country, will cause similar events in neighboring countries.
which countries don’t belong in the UN?
Taiwan, Kosovo, and Vatican City.
number of countries/states today?
No one right answer. 192 members.
example of nation state
Japan
example of multi-national state
former Yugoslavia or former USSR
example of Irridentism
Albania- kosovo+somalia or Russia
example Bi-national state
Canada-Quebec
exclave
Russia Kalingrad
multi-state nation
North and South Korea also South Sudan and North SUdan.
ethnic enclave
Native Americans in US.
Multi state stateless nation
Kurds
Irridentism
move into different country for resources.
ex. mini-national state
Monacco
example of compact state
switzerland and Poland
example of exclave shape state
Russia
example of multi-national state
Serbia
example of prorupt state
Austria
example of elongated state
Chile and Sweden and Italy
example of ethnographic boundary (religious reasons)
Ireland
example of fragmented state
Greece
example of relocated capital
Ankara, Turkey
example of nation-state
Iceland
example of Landlocked state
Serbia and Austria and Lesotho
example of Nationalist party wanting autonomy (devolution)
N. Ireland
Preforated state
Italy
Primate city and or core
Paris, London
