Chapter 6 - Consciousness Flashcards
Consciousness
An awareness of one’s surroundings and of what’s in one’s mind at a given moment, includes aspects of being awake and aware.
Wakefulness
The degree of alertness reflecting whether a person is awake or asleep.
Awareness
Monitoring of information from the environment and from one’s own thoughts.
Coma
A state of consciousness in which the eyes are closed and the person is unresponsive and unavoidable.
Reticular activating system
A bundle of nerves in the brain stem that are involved in wakefulness and the transition between wakefulness and sleep.
Vegetative state
A state of minimal consciousness in which the eyes might be open, but the person is otherwise unresponsive.
Minimally conscious
State in which a patient shows signs of intentional behavior (such as visually tracking a person), But cannot communicate.
Disorders of consciousness
A diagnostic category that encompasses the variety of ways in which wakefulness in awareness might be Compromised.
Mindfulness
A heightened awareness of the present movement, weather of events in one’s environment or in one’s own mind.
Which brain region plays a key role in maintaining wakefulness? A. Prefrontal cortex B. Cerebellum C. Amygdala D. Reticular formation
D. Reticular formation
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a heightened awareness of the present moment, which can be applied to events in one’s environment and events in one’s own mind. A. Wakefulness B. Attention C. Mindfulness D. Optimism
C. Mindfulness
Attention
The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control.
Selective attention
The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others.
Sustained attention
The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea.
What term best describes not perceiving a person in a gorilla suit when I asked to count the number of people playing basketball? A. Inattentional blindness B. Not paying attention C. Absent-mindedness D. Minimally conscious state
A. Inattentional blindness
You are at a loud gathering, talking to a friend. The noise of the chatter is nearly deafening, but all of a sudden you hear your name spoken above the noise. This is known as the A. Self-recognition effect. B. Cocktail party effect. C. Attentional effect. D. Divided attention effect.
B. Cocktail party effect.
Meditation
Practices that people used to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, focus attention, and enhance awareness of the present moment.
Circadian rhythms
The variations in psychological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period, including the sleep-wake cycle.
Which of the following does meditation appear to improve? A. Mindfulness B. Attention C. Well-being D. all of the above
D. All of the above
A study of brain images of experience meditators and a comparison group of non-meditators found that the experienced meditators’ brains showed evidence of
A. thicker cortex in brain areas associated with attention and sensitivity to sensory information.
B. More diverse synaptic connections throughout the cerebellum.
C. Cortical thinning throughout motor areas but thickening in frontal areas.
D. Less synaptic death then in non-meditators.
A. Thicker cortex and brain areas associated with attention and sensitivity to sensory information.
Rapid eye movement (REM)
Quick movements of the eye that occur during sleep, thought to mark phases of dreaming.
Beta waves
The pattern of brain activity when one is awake; rapid, low-energy waves.
Alpha waves
The pattern of brain activity when one is relaxed and drowsy; slower, higher-energy waves then be the waves.
Non-REM
The form of sleep with you I movements, which are slow rather than fast.
Theta waves
A pattern of brain activity during N1 sleep; slower, lower-energy waves then alpha waves.
Delta waves
Type of brain activity that dominates N3 sleep; higher energy than theta waves.
Insomnia
A sleep difficulty characterized by difficulty falling and staying asleep, as well as not feeling rested.
Sleepwalking
A sleep difficulty characterized by activities occurring during non-REM sleep that usually occur when one is awake, such as walking and eating.
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness and facial and limb muscles.
Sleep apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by brief pause is in breathing during sleep.
Hypersomnia
A sleep difficulty characterized by sleeping more than 10 hours a day for two weeks or more; includes an urge to nap during inappropriate times.
Night terrors
A state that occurs when a person walks around, speaks incoherently, and ultimately awakens, terrified, from sleep.
Dreams
Images, thoughts, and feelings experienced during sleep.
Manifest level
Freud‘s surface level of dreams, recalled upon waking.
Latent level
Freud’s deeper, unconscious level of dreams; the meaning is found at this level.
AIM
Three biologically-based dimensions of consciousness - activation, input, and mode.
When a perceptual wall between the conscious mind and the outside world emerges and we are in a state that is immediately reversible, we are A. Sleep. B. Unconscious. C. Vegetative D. Minimally conscious.
A. Sleep
Research shows that sleep functions to A. Give ourselves some energy B. Facilitate learning and memory. C. Facilitate neural growth. D. Both B and C
D. Both B and C
Facilitate learning and memory, and neural growth.
Dreaming is most active during what kind of sleep? A. Non-REM B. REM C. stage three D. N1
B. REM
In lucid dreaming, people become aware that they are dreaming and can sometimes even control their dreams. Lucid dreaming is most consistent with which theory of dreams? A. Psychoanalytic B. Biological C. Cognitive D. None of the above
C. Cognitive
Hypnosis
Estate characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, absorption, lack of voluntary control over behavior, and suspension of critical faculties; occurs when instructed by someone trained in hypnosis; may be therapeutic.
Stroop effect
A delay in reaction time when the colors of words on a test and their meaning differ.
Scientific research has demonstrated that hypnosis A. Is a real phenomenon B. Is not real but learned. C. Is only an imagined state of mind. D. Is something everyone experiences.
A. is a real phenomenon.
A groundbreaking area of research has demonstrated that, under Hipnosis,
A. Hypnotically induced pain creates a subjective experience similar to real pain.
B. people turn off the areas of the brain that normally process the meaning of words.
C. Hypnotically induced pain activates the same brain circuit as real pain does.
D. All of the above are correct.
D. All of the above are correct.
Psychoactive drugs
Naturally occurring or synthesized substances that, when ingested or otherwise taken into the body, reliably produce qualitative changes in conscious experience.
Tolerance
The need to consume increasing amounts of a drug to get the desired effect.
Withdrawal symptoms
The adverse affects people with physical dependence experience if they stopped using a drug.
Hallucinations
Convincing sensory experiences that occurred in the absence of an external stimulus.
Addiction
A condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance.
Depressants
Substances that decrease or slow down central nervous system activity.
Stimulants
Substances that activate the nervous system.
Hallucinogens
Substances that create distorted perceptions of reality ranging from mild to extreme.
Endocannabinoids
Natural, marijuana-like substances produced by the body.
Even though it can make people feel more aroused and social settings, this popular drug is a depressant. A. Alcohol B. heroine C. Cocaine D. Marijuana
A. Alcohol
This stimulant can be addictive as heroin. A. Caffeine B. Ecstasy C. Nicotine D. Morphine
C. Nicotine
