Chapter 5 - Human Development Flashcards
Germinal stage
The first prenatal stage of development which begins at conception and lasts two weeks.
Zygote
The single cell that results win a sperm fertilizers an egg.
Embryo
A developing Organism from two weeks until about eight weeks after conception
Embryonic stage
The second prenatal stage from two weeks to eight weeks after conception, When all of the major organs form.
Fetal stage
The third prenatal stage, which begins with the formation of bone cells eight weeks after conception and ends at birth.
Neural migration
The movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to there more permanent destination; occurs during months 3-5 of the fetal stage.
Prenatal programming
The process by which events in the room alter the development of physical and psychological health.
Teratogens
Substances that can disrupt normal prenatal development and cause lifelong Deficits.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
A consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure that causes multiple problems, notably brain damage.
Temperament
The biologically based tendency to behave in particular ways from very early in life.
Personality
The unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.
Life before birth is commonly divided into three distinct stages: the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, embryonic, and fetal stages. A. Gestational B. Seminal C. Germinal D. Cellular
C. Germinal
How can researchers tell which sounds a fetus prefers to hear?
A. By measuring the position of the fetus in the womb
B. By measuring changes in fetal heart rate in response to sounds
C. By taking a reading of fetal respiration
D. It is not possible to measure fetal preferences
Be. By measuring changes in the fetal heart rate in response to sounds
Teratogens are
A. Substances that can cause birth defects.
B. Genes that turn on or off with exposure to viruses.
C. Inborn fetal taste preferences.
D. Factors that influence the generation of fetal brain tissue.
A. Substances that can cause birth defects.
Pruning
The degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience.
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development (ages 0-2), When infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies.
Object permanence
The ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed.
Preoperational stage
The second major stage of cognitive development (ages 2-5), Which begins with the emergence of symbolic thought.
Animistic thinking
I believe that inanimate objects are alive.
Egocentrism
Viewing the world from one’s own perspective and not being capable of seeing things from other person‘s perspective.
Conservation
Recognition that when some properties (such as shape) of an object to change, other properties (such as volume) remain constant.
Concrete operational stage
Piagets third stage of cognitive development, which spans ages 6–11, During which the child can perform mental operations – such as reversing – on real objects or events.
Formal operational stage
Piaget’s final stage of cognitive development, from age 11 or 12 on through adulthood, when formal logic is possible.
Zone of proximal development
The distance between what a child can learn alone and what that child can learn assisted by someone else, usually an adult.
Theory of mind
Ideas and knowledge about how other people’s minds work.
Preconventional level
The first level in Kohlberg‘s theory of moral reasoning, focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards.
Conventional level
The second level and Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning, during which the person values caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness.
Post conventional level
The third level and Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning, and which a person recognizes universal moral rules that may Trump I’m just or immoral local rules.
Imprinting
The rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth.
Attachment
The strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers.
Separation anxiety
The distress reaction shown by babies when they are separated from their primary caregiver (typically shown at around 9 months of age).
Securely attached
An attachment style characterized by infants who will gradually explore new situations when the caregiver leaves and initiate contact when the caregiver returns after separation.
Social referencing
The ability to make use of social and emotional information from another person – especially a caregiver – in an uncertain situation.
Emotional competence
The ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions.
In the newborn infant, the sense of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is almost fully developed, but the sense of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ continues to change and improve over the first few years of life. A. Taste; hearing B. Vision; taste C. Vision; hearing D. Hearing; vision
D. Hearing; vision
With learning and experience, certain synaptic connections grow stronger, while those that are not strengthened by experience degrade and die off. This process is known as A. Neural efficiency. B. Honing. C. Pruning. D. Reductionism
C. Pruning
People who have had intensive musical training have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ than non-musicians. A. Thicker finger pads B. A thicker corpus callosum C. A thicker cerebellum D. A thicker caudate nucleus
B. A thicker corpus callosum
Piaget’s \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of cognitive development begins when the child can conserve; that is, knows that the amount of a liquid or substance stays the same even when it changes shape. A. Sensorimotor B. Abstract–Ideational C. Logical operations D. Concrete operations
D. Concrete operations
Adolescence
The transition period between childhood and adulthood
Puberty
The period when sexual mature ration begins; it marks the beginning of adolescence.
Menarche
The first menstrual period.
Spermarche
The first ejaculation.
Gender identity
Is the gender one feels oneself to be internally.
Sexual orientation
The disposition to be attracted to someone of the opposite sex(heterosexual), The same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual).
Transgender identity
Occurs when one identifies with the opposite gender one was assigned at birth.
Cis-gendered
Is when a person’s gender identity is the same (cis) as their sex assigned at birth.
What event marks the beginning of adolescence? A. Puberty B. Formal operations C. Growth of body hair D. All of the above
D. All of the above
In which area of the brain does significant developments occur during adolescence? A. Occipital lobes B. Hippocampus C. Frontal lobes D. Cerebellum
C. Frontal lobes
Emerging adulthood
The transitional phase between adolescents and young adulthood; includes ages 18–25 years.
Young adulthood
The development stage that usually happens by the mid-20s, when people complete the key developmental task of emerging adulthood.
Intimacy
As defined by Erickson, the ability to fuse one’s identity with another’s without the fear of losing it.
Individuation
The process of a person’s personality becoming whole in full.
Generativity
A term Eric Erickson used to describe the process in adulthood of creating new ideas, products, or people.
Stagnation
Situation in which an adult becomes more self focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.
Fluid intelligence
Raul mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before.
Crystallized intelligence
The kind of knowledge that one gains from experience and learning, education, and practice.
Dementia
A loss of mental function, in which many cognitive processes are impaired, such as the ability to remember, reason, solve problems, make decisions, and use language.
Alzheimer’s disease
A degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline and characterized by a collection of symptoms, including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function.
Which of the following enhances neural growth in adulthood? A. Ginkgo biloba B. Diet C. Caffeine D. Aerobic exercise
D. Aerobic exercise
What is necessary for a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease? A. An fMRI B. An autopsy C. An EEG D. Psychological testing
B. An autopsy
As people age and become more aware of their limited time on earth, they become more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ about how they expand their resources in personal and emotional relationships. A. Selective B. Anxious C. Regretful D. Concerned
A. Selective
