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PSYC 1101 > Chapter 4 - Sensing And Perceiving Our World > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Sensing And Perceiving Our World Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

A physical process: the stimulation of our sense organs by features of the outer world.

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2
Q

Perception

A

A psychological process: The act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience.

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3
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The process by which are sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses.

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4
Q

Transduction

A

The conversion of physical into neural information.

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The lowest intensity level of a stimulus a person can detect half of the time.

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

The viewpoint that both stimulus intensity and decision making processes are involved in the detection of a stimulus.

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7
Q

Difference threshold

A

The smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time.

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8
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

There’s a difference threshold that is the smallest change in a stimulus that can be perceived most of the time.

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9
Q

Weber’s law

A

The finding that the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus.

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10
Q

Perpetual set

A

The effect of frame of mind on perception; a tendency to perceive stimuli in a certain manner.

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11
Q 
The conversion of physical into neural information is called
A. Conduction
B. Transduction
C. Perception
D. Adaptation
A

B. Transduction

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12
Q 
Which of the following may act as a perpetual set in constructing or visual experience?
A. Mood
B. Expectation
C. Knowledge of how the world works
D. All of the above
A

D. All of the above

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13
Q

Cornea

A

The clear, hard covering that protects the lens of the eye.

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14
Q

Pupil

A

The opening in the iris through which light enters the eye.

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15
Q

Iris

A

The muscle that forms the colored part of the eye; it adjusts the pupil to regulate The amount of light that enters the eye.

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16
Q

Lens

A

The structure that sits behind the people; and then the light rays the enter the eye to focus images on the retina.

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17
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances.

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18
Q

Retina

A

The thin layer of nerve tissue that lines the back of the eye.

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19
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Cells in the retina (called rods and cones) that convert light energy into nerve energy.

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20
Q

Rods

A

Photo receptors that function in lower illumination and play a key role in night vision; responsive to dark and light contrast.

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21
Q

Dark adaptation

A

The process of adjustment to seeing in the dark.

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22
Q

Cones

A

Photo receptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional and conditions for bright light.

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23
Q

Fovea

A

Spot spot on the back of the retina that contains the highest concentration Of cones in the retina; place of clearest vision.

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24
Q

Visual acuity

A

The ability to see clearly.

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25
Q

Optic nerve

A

The structure composed of the ask arms of ganglion cells from the retina that carry visual information from the eye to the brain.

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26
Q

Optic chiasm

A

The point at which strands of the Optic nerve from half of each I cross over to the opposite side of the brain.

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27
Q

Feature detectors

A

Neurons in the visual cortex that analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements.

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28
Q

Trichromatic color theory

A

The theory that all color that we experience results from a mixing of three colors of light (red, green, and blue).

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29
Q

Afterimages

A

Visual images that remain after removal of or looking away from the stimulus.

30
Q

Opponent-process Theory

A

The theory that color vision results from cones linked together in three pairs of opposing colors, so that activation of one member of the pair inhibits activity in the other.

31
Q

Depth perception

A

The ability to see things in three dimensions in to discriminate what is near from what is far.

32
Q

Binocular Depth cues

A

Aids to depth perception that rely on input from both eyes.

33
Q

Binocular disparity

A

The difference in retinal images due to the fact that our two eyes are separated by a few inches and is an important cue in depth perception.

34
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

AIDS to depth perception that do not require two eyes.

35
Q

Perpetual constancy

A

The ability of the brain to preserve perception of objects in spite of changes in retinal image when an object changes in position or distance from the viewer.

36
Q

Similarity

A

A Gestalt law that says we tend to group like objects together in visual perception.

37
Q

Continuity

A

Just gestalt law That says we see points or lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path.

38
Q

Proximity

A

A Gestalt law that says we tend to group objects together that are near one another.

39
Q

Law of closure

A

The tendency to perceive a whole object in the absence of complete information.

40
Q

Figure

A

Specific object in front of an unformed background.

41
Q

Ground

A

The background behind objects or figures.

42
Q 
Neurons called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the visual cortex analyze the retinal image and respond to aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements.
A. Subjective contours
B. Shape-response cells
C. Feature detectors
D. Horizontal cells
A

C. Feature detectors

43
Q

How did Hubble and Weisel discover that some cortical neurons respond to seeing lines of a specific orientation?
A. By using fMRI to study cat brain function during visual tasks
B. By inserting electrodes into single cells in the visual cortex
C. Through surgical removal of cortical tissue
D. With EEG

A

B. By inserting electrodes into single cells in the visual cortex

44
Q 
After leaving the retina, what is the first stop in the brain for processing a visual information?
A. The occipital cortex
B. The parietal lobe
C. The hypothalamus
D. The thalamus
A

D. The thalamus

45
Q 
Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue?
A. Linear perspective
B. 3-D movies
C. Texture gradient
D. Interposition
A

B. 3-D movies

46
Q 
The brains ability to preserve perception of objects in spite of the changes in retinal image is known as
A. Interrelative Consistency
B. Proximity
C. Visual stability
D. Perceptual constancy
A

D. Perpetual constancy

47
Q

Timbre

A

Is the quality or “color” of a particular sound and is a result of the sounds complexity or number of sound frequencies.

48
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

The eardrum.

49
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

A structure of the inner ear involved in maintaining balance.

50
Q

Cochlea

A

A bony tube of the inner ear, which is curled like a snail’s shell and filled with fluid.

51
Q

Basilar membrane

A

A membrane that runs through the cochlea; contains the hair cells.

52
Q

Hair cells

A

Inner ear sensory receptors for sound that trans do you sound vibrations into neural impulses.

53
Q

Auditory nerve

A

The nerve that receives action potential’s from the hair cells and transmits auditory information to the brain.

54
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of a soundwave determines what we perceive as loudness.
A. Frequency
B. Shape
C. Amplitude
D. Width
A

C. Amplitude

55
Q 
Which structure is responsible for the transduction of sound vibrations into action potentials?
A. Tympanic membrane
B. Cochlea
C. Stapes
D. Hair cells
A

D. Hair cells

56
Q

Bodily senses

A

The senses based in the skin, the body, or any membrane surfaces.

57
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Receptor cells in the skin that are sensitive to different tactile qualities, such as shape, grooves, vibrations, and movements.

58
Q

Pain

A

A complex emotional and sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

59
Q

Phantom limb pain

A

Occurs when a person who has lost an arm or leg continues to feel pain in the last limb.

60
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Pain from skin and/or tissue damage or injury.

61
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

The idea that the spinal cord regulates the experience of pain by the balancing of signals to the brain from small pain nerve fibers and large non-pain fibers. The pain gate opens when more pain signals are sent to the brain than non-pain signals. Pain is blocked when the reverse happens.

62
Q 
The receptor cells for touch that reside in the skin are called
A. Tactile cilia
B. Mechanoreceptors
C. Interoceptors
D. Receptive fields
A

B. Mechanoreceptors

63
Q 
Our bodies have natural pain killers called
A. Analgesics
B. Opioids
C. Endorphins
D. Acetaminophens
A

C. Endorphins

64
Q

Olfactory sensory neurons

A

The sensory receptors for smell that reside high up inside the nose.

65
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

A four brain structure that sends information either directly to the smell processing areas in the cortex or indirectly to the cortex by way of the thalamus.

66
Q

Papillae

A

Textured structures on the surface of the tongue; contain thousands of taste buds.

67
Q

Taste receptor cells

A

Sensory receptors for taste that reside in the taste buds.

68
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

The cortical region of the brain located in the insula area of the frontal lobe weird taste sensation’s are processed and interpreted.

69
Q 
The primary olfactory cortex resides in which lobe of the brain?
A. Temporal
B. Frontal
C. Parietal
D. Occipital
A

A. Temporal

70
Q 
Humans have taste receptor cells for what flavors?
A. Sweet, sour, salty, sharp, savory
B. Sweet, sour, better, salty, sharp
C. Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, savory
D. Sweet, sour, salty, sharp
A

C. Sweet, sour, better, salty, savory

71
Q

Synesthesia

A

Unusual sensory experience in which a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different senses stimulated.

PSYC 1101 (16 decks)

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