Chapter 1 - Introduction To Psychology Flashcards
Adaptations
Inherited solutions to ancestral problems that I’ve been selected for because they contribute in someway to reproductive success.
Asylums
Facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the middle ages and into the 19th century.
Behavioral neuroscience
The study of the links among the brain, mind, and behavior.
Behaviorism
School of psychology that proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.
Biological psychology
The study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought.
Clinical psychology
The treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health.
Cognitive psychology
The study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems.
Critical thinking
A process by which one analyzes, evaluates, informs ideas.
Developmental psychology
The study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the lifespan.
Educational psychology
The study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching.
Empiricism
The view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience.
Evolution
The change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species.
Evolutionary psychology
The branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors.
Forensic psychology
The field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice.
Functionalism
The 19th century school of psychology that argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does then to describe its parts.
Gestalt psychology
A theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than a compilation of parts.
Health psychology
The study of the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness.
Humanistic psychology
A theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential.
Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology
The application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings.
Introspection
The main method of investigation for structuralists; it involves looking into one’s own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience.
Metacognitive thinking
The process that includes the ability first to think and then to reflect on one’s own thinking.
Moral treatment
The 19th century approach to treating the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment.
Natural selection
A feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another because it has an impact on reproduction.
Nature through nurture
The position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do.
Personality psychology
The study of what makes people unique and the consistency is in peoples behavior across time and situations.
Positive psychology
A scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning.
Psychoanalysis
A clinically-based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thoughts and behavior.
Psychology
The scientific study of thought and behavior.
Psychophysics
The study of how people experience physical stimuli such as light, soundwaves, and touch.
Sexual selection
Operates when the members of the opposite sex find certain traits attractive or appealing and therefore over a long periods of times these traits become more common in the population.
Shamans
Medicine men or women who treat people with medical problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers.
Social psychology
The study of how living among others influences thought, feelings, and behavior.
Sports psychology
The study of psychological factors in sports and exercise.
Structuralism
The 19th century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.
Psychology is best defined as the scientific study of A. Human behavior. B. Mental illness. C. Neuroses. D. Human thoughts and behavior
D. Human thought and behavior.
As a field, psychology is A. A social science. B. The practice of diagnosing and treating mental illness. C. A biological science. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
How does psychology differ from the related field of sociology?
A. Psychology Studies systems; sociology studies cultures.
B. See psychology studies cultures; sociology studies people.
C. Psychology Studies individuals; sociology Studies groups.
D. Psychology Studies groups and cultures; sociology Studies human behavior.
C. Psychology Studies individuals; sociology studies groups.
What sub discipline of psychology examines how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors change over the lifespan? A. Developmental psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Personality psychology D. Educational psychology
A. Developmental psychology
A psychologist has conducted a series of studies on which part of the brain is most active during a memory task.
She is probably
A. A developmental psychologist.
B. A behavioral neuroscientist.
C. A cognitive psychologist.
D. An industrial/organizational psychologist.
B. A behavioral neuroscientist.
The main difference between a clinical and counseling psychologist is that counseling psychologist treat
A. People with more severe psychological disorders.
B. More children than adults.
C. People with less severe psychological disorders.
D. People with learning disabilities only.
C. People with less severe psychological disorders.
What perspective in psychology assumes that the unconscious is the most powerful force behind most behavior? A. Trephination B. Cognitive psychology C. Structuralism D. Psychoanalysis
D. Psychoanalysis
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ argued that thoughts, feelings, and motives are unimportant in understanding human behavior. A. Behaviorists B. Psychoanalysts C. Functionalists D. Gestalt psychologists
A. Behaviorists
Positive psychology is a modern version of which school of thought? A. Structuralism B. Humanism C. Functionalism D. Introspectionism
B. Humanism
Charles Darwin’s great contribution was the theory of
A. How evolution works (natural selection).
B. Evolution.
C. Psychoanalysis.
D. Adaptations.
A. How evolution works (natural selection).
Which phrase most accurately reflects a modern perspective in psychology? A. Nature versus nurture B. Nature over nurture C. Nurture over nature D. Nature through nurture
D. Nature through nurture
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ psychologist would be most interested in understanding what it means to be fully functioning, where as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ psychologist would focus on what people do and not what they think or feel. A. Cognitive; psychoanalytic B. Psychoanalytic; social-learning C. Evolutionary; biological D. Humanistic; behavioral
D. Humanistic; behavioral
The perspective that argues that unconscious thoughts and feelings are most important in a persons personality is A. Behaviorism-Learning. B. Humanism-Positive. C. Cognitive. D. Psychoanalysis-Psychodynamic.
D. Psychoanalysis-Psychodynamic
Which of the following is a technique we argue for integrating the many perspectives in psychology?
A. Using not believing everything you think
B. Using the scientific method
C. Making connections within and between chapters
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above
Research on the association between vaccines and autism has shown A. No connection between the two. B. A week connection between the two. C. A strong connection between the two. D. Inconclusive results.
A. No connection between the two.
