chapter 6. conception, pregnancy, childbirth Flashcards

1
Q

Does sex have any correlation with self-esteem?

A

YES, Sexual self-esteem. = The feelings you have toward your body and your sense of yourself as a sexual being.

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2
Q

What are the key points in fertilization & implantation?

A
  1. Ovulation, 12-24 hour window. (Occurs on approx the 14th day of menstrual cycle, after the egg is released, it is picked up by fimbriae and enters the Fallopian tube)
  2. sperm follow chemical signal of the egg. (Fertilization occurs between 12-24 hours after ovulation. EGG MUST be fertilized within the 12-24 hour window or the egg will disintegrate, where sperm can live for 48 hours-8days) the egg releases a chemical that allows for direction to the egg for the sperm that get closer.
  3. Zona Pellucida. (A thin gelatinous layer surrounding the egg) helps to contain the chromosomes, proteins, fats and nutrias fluid.
  4. Hydraluronidase. (Enzyme secreted by the sperm while they swarm the egg, helps to dissolve the zone pellucida, permitting one sperm to penetrate the egg.
  5. Capcitation. ( The egg is covered in by a gelatinous layer, the sperm much penetrate this layer, called capacitation, once the penetration occurs, the layer thickens to lock out the other sperm from entering.)
  6. Implantation (The fertilized egg (zygote) travels down the Fallopian tube, making its way to the uterus for implantation (takes about 5 days - cell division taking place))
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3
Q

What are the obstacles to fertilization?

A
  • Acidity of vagina (can kill many sperm)
  • Some are deformed (deformed sperm can’t swim properly and die)
  • Swimming against currents of Fallopian tube (The cilia are moving the egg downward)
  • Wrong fallopian tube (ovulation only occurs on one side)
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4
Q

What is a Zygote?

A

Fertilized egg.

  • Travels down the Fallopian tube.
  • Cell division begins 36 hours after conception (1 cell becomes 2 which become 4, etc)
  • Implantation into the lining of the uterus occurs 5-7 days later, where it will grow.
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5
Q

When do we call a baby an embryo?

A

between weeks 2-8

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6
Q

When is a baby called a fetus?

A

From 8 weeks until birth

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7
Q

How can you improve the chances of conception?

A
  1. Track ovulation by basal body temp. (temp will be higher on day of ovulation) 1 degree celsius difference.
  2. Time intercourse right at ovulation or 1-2 days before. (b/c sperm can survive up to 8 days inside a women’s body, it is good to give them swimming time as the egg is only capable of being fertilized in the first 12-24hour after ovulation.
  3. Maintain sperm count. (Recommended to have sex 2-3 times during the week of ovulation because too much sex can lower your sperm count taking at least 24 hours to manufacture 200 mil sperm)
  4. Gravity. (Man on top sex is best so that the semen doesn’t run out of the vagina; women can also lay on their back with a pillow under their hips
    to help the sperm with gravity in finding their way to the Fallopian tubes.)
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8
Q

What are the presumptive signs of pregnancy?

A
  • Missed period, breast tenderness, nausea, more frequent urination and fatigue.
  • If a women has a missed period and 2 other presumptive symptoms = 67% probability of pregnancy.*
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9
Q

What are the probable signs of pregnancy? (HCG, HEGAR’S SIGN)

A
  1. HCG - Urine pregnancy tests detecting HCG = Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, secreted by the placenta = 98% accuracy at least 7 days after conception.
  2. Hegar’s Sign - Softening of the lower part of the uterus which can be felt with manual exam by about week 7.
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10
Q

What are the definite indicators of pregnancy (Positive signs)?

A
  1. Fetal heartbeat
  2. Active fetal movement
  3. Detection of fetal skeleton by ultrasound.
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11
Q

What is nangele’s rule?

A
  • Once a person is pregnant they usually want to know the due date which is calculated using this rule.
    1. Take the date of the first day of the last menstrual period, subtract 3 months, add 7 days and add one year.

Usually revised once ultrasounds are conducted (to confirm fetal development).

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12
Q

What are the emotional reactions to pregnancy?

A
  • There is wide variation in emotional reactions to pregnancy
  • Between women, reactions often are situation dependent
  • Also, one woman can experience wide range of emotions over 9 months .
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13
Q

What are the positive emotional reactions to pregnancy?

A
  1. Woman hoped to become a parent, typically experience a rush of
    excitement & anticipation upon learning she is pregnant
  2. Most of these women adapt well to stress of pregnancy
  3. Women who are “characteristically optimistic” adapt well
  4. Among couples, husbands and wives often share a “sense of wonder” in
    creating new life
  5. Many women see pregnancy as transition into adulthood
  6. Feel sense of purpose and accomplishment
  7. Growing sense of attachment toward developing baby
  8. Anticipating tasks of motherhood and childrearing
  9. Not surprisingly, social support from friends and family is correlated with
    physical and psychological well being
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14
Q

What are the negative emotional reactions to pregnancy?

A

Negative emotions
1. Pregnant women typically express some negative feelings, even if they were
hoping to become pregnant
- Fears, anxieties such as concern about pain of childbirth
2. North America’s “culture of thinness” causes may women to worry about gaining
weight
- Sadly some women report declining self-image as their body grows bigger
- Feel “fat and ugly”
3. Women may worry about their health
4. Heightened anxieties w/increasing evidence that smoking, alcohol, other
drugs/environmental contaminants can harm developing fetus
5. Some women may begin to feel they lack an identity other than “pregnant woman”
-NOTE= When people are pregnant during stressful life events (major earthquakes,
hurricanes, domestic abuse)
- Increased risk of stillbirth, premature delivery and low birthweight

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15
Q

What happened to parents who were pregnant during covid-19?

A
  1. disrupted many women’s prenatal care and
  2. forced some mothers to deliver their infants, without partner or family support.
  3. Others faced separation from their newborns immediately after birth.
  4. Expectant parents also missed out on many celebrations and rituals that
    commemorate the transition into parenthood: baby showers, bris and christening ceremonies, neighbours dropping by with a meal, or grandparents traveling to meet the newest family member.
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16
Q

What is the 1st trimester? and what happens here?

A

The first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
- The placenta, (provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus; attached with umbilical cord) and amniotic sac (sac filled with amniotic fluid that protects the fetus from outside damage and temperature changes) develop; major organ systems start to develop (including the heart, digestive system, central nervous system; facial features, hands, feet, and major blood vessels.

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17
Q

What physical changes occur during the 1st trimester of pregnancy?

A

-Breast swelling and tingling as mammary glands develop
-frequent urination related to pituitary hormones that affect the adrenals,
changing the water balance in the body so that more water is retained;
uterus is also growing and might press on the bladder
-bowel irregularity, hormones affect digestions in some women
-vaginal discharge may increase because hormones change vaginal pH, vaginal secretions change due to hormones in both composition and
quantity
-Nausea (or morning sickness) can happen at awakening or other times
of the day
-One theory is that vomiting causes women to expel and avoid
foods with toxic chemicals (25% of women experience no
vomiting at all during pregnancy)
-Fatigue likely related to high levels of progesterone, which can have a sedative effect.

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18
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A

Unintended termination of pregnancy before fetus is developed enough to
survive after birth (before 20th week of pregnancy), most common during 1st trimester.

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19
Q

What is preterm delivery?

A

Normally, a pregnancy is 40 weeks, preterm or premature birth is defined as a birth at less than 37 weeks gestation.

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20
Q

What amount of fertilized eggs are lost before the person knows that they are pregnant?

A

1/2

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21
Q

What % of women who know they are pregnant experience a miscarriage?

A

15-20%

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22
Q

What are most miscarriages caused by?

A

-Chromosome problems in the fetus.

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23
Q

What are some other possible causes of miscarriages?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Hormone problems
  3. Alcohol and drug abuse
  4. Smoking
  5. Obesity
  6. Immune response
  7. Serious systemic disease in mother
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24
Q

When does the risk of miscarriage increase?

A

-Risk of miscarriage increases with age

Beginning by 30, greater between 35-40, highest after 40. (Pregnancies are considered “geriatric pregnancy” if mother is over age 35, have higher risk of several complications and problems)

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25
Q

What are some possible symptoms symptoms of a miscarriage?

A

-Low back or abdominal pain (Dull, sharp, or cramping)
-Clot passes through vagina
-Vaginal bleeding (early miscarriages may appear as heavy menstrual flow,
later may present as bad cramps/heavy bleeding/expulsion of recognizable
uterine contents (e.g., placenta))

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26
Q

What is the treatment required after a miscarriage?

A

Important to be examined to ensure no tissue remaining in uterus; needs to
be removed in order to prevent infection

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27
Q

What are some possible preventions of miscarriages?

A

Early prenatal care
Detect and treat illness
Avoid environmental hazards (alcohol, drugs, stress)
** but most are caused by genetic issues and are not preventable by the
mother – it is not her fault and she likely did nothing wrong

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28
Q

What psychological effects does a miscarriage have on women?

A

50% of pregnant people suffer elevated levels of anxiety, depression, and grief.

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29
Q

What are some risk factors of psychological effects on women due to miscarriage?

A
History of psychiatric illness
Childlessness
Lack of social support
Poor relationship adjustment
Prior pregnancy loss
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30
Q

When Is the second trimester?

A

weeks 13-26.
mothers begin to detect fetal movement (as early
as 13 weeks, but may not occur until week 20); fetus becomes sensitive to light and
sound; has immature organ systems, not able to survive on its own

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31
Q

What physical changes occur during the second trimester?

A
  • Most of the physical symptoms of the first trimester (morning sickness,
    discomfort) disappear and discomforts are at a minimum
  • Physical problems can include constipation, nosebleeds
  • Belly continues to expand
  • Mother can begin to detect fetal movement, quite exciting
  • Edema – water retention in face, hands, wrists, ankles, and feet, may start
    to be a problem/irritating
  • Breasts become fully developed by about mid-pregnancy; at around 19th
    week, thin yellowish fluid called colostrum may come out of the nipples (no milk yet, though); breasts and areolas enlarge, nipples and areolas darken
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32
Q

What psychological changes occur in the second trimester in the pregnant woman?

A
  • Many women feel relieved to make it past first trimester where risk for
    miscarriage is highest, can relax a bit and feel more excitement
  • Feelings of responsiveness, bonding with the fetus increase as mother can feel movements.
33
Q

when is the third trimester?

A

Weeks 27-38

34
Q

what physical changes occur in the pregnant person during the 3rd trimester?

A
  • Uterus is large and hard
  • The extreme size of uterus puts pressure on other organs, which can cause
    discomfort (e.g., pressure on lungs can cause shortness of breath, heart is
    strained due to large increases in blood volume), most women feel low in
    energy
  • Increasingly aware of fetal activity, some women are kept up at night from
    fetal kicking and hiccups
  • Balance is disturbed due to large amount of weight at front of body, she
    may adopt a waddling walk to compensate, can result in back pain
  • Women in Canada typically gain between 25-35 pounds – the more you
    gain, the larger the baby; some cultures (e.g., India) actually try to eat less
    during pregnancy to avoid painful birth – that’s a bit extreme, but the idea
    is to not eat more than usual, especially not during first and second
    trimester
  • Braxton-hicks contractions – uterus tightens occasionally (not painful), not
    part of labour, but are thought to help strengthen the uterus in preparation
    for delivery
  • Engagement of the head – around 2-4 weeks before delivery, the head
    drops to the pelvis called “engagement”
35
Q

What psychological changes in the pregnant women occur during the 3rd trimester?

A
  • Many women feel impatient, and want the baby out already!
  • Feelings of responsiveness, bonding with the fetus increase as mother can
    feel movements, start to learn its habits (is the baby a morning
    person/night owl, like spicy foods, etc)
  • Many women have concerns about health of baby, as well as anxiety about
    labour and delivery
36
Q

How are Braxton Hicks contractions different from labour pain?

A

Unlike labour pain, Braxton Hicks contractions don’t:
get closer together
last longer as time goes by
get stronger or come more often when you walk
get stronger over time
You can distinguish Braxton Hicks from ‘real labour’ as they disappear with a change
of position or activity such as a warm bath or shower.

37
Q

How frequent do Braxton hicks contractions get as you approach labour?

A

…slide 26

38
Q

How do media and pregnancy interact?

A
  • Good and Bad impact of media
  • Celebrities and media encourages lots of hype around pregnancy, and one good
    thing is feeling good about baby bump, changing body
  • At other times in history, women have historically hidden away, not shown their
    bodies during this time, so it is progressing
  • However, media is also major negative impact for women after pregnancy in terms
    of the unrealistic weight loss that celebrities often have after giving birth
39
Q

REFER TO SLIDE 28 ABOUT ATTITUDES TOWARD PREGNANCY

A
40
Q

What two acts have been enforced to protect against pregnancy discrimination?

A

-The Canadian Human Rights Act (Canada; prohibits discrimination related to pregnancy)
&
The Pregnancy discrimination act (USA)

41
Q

Who developed “The Pregnancy Project”?

A

Gaby Rodriguez 17 years old who faked a 6 month pregnancy.

42
Q

how much have teen pregnancy rates declined between 1996-2006? and why do we think they have declined?

A
  1. 9% was 44/1000 in 2007 & 30/1000 in 2017. This could be explained by
    - Better sex education
    - More accessible contraception
  • Changing attitudes among young women (plans to pursue post-
    secondary education, importance of career, more normal to have children later in life)
43
Q

Wha are the teen pregnancy rates in Canada?

A

-Lowest rates of teen pregnancy (15-19 years old) in PEI (23.4/1000 births) and
New Brunswick and Newfoundland (26/1000 births)
- Highest rates in Manitoba (53.4/1000 births), North West Territories ( 78.7/1000
births) and Nunavut (118.8/1000 births)
- It is not clear what causes higher rates in these places, but probably a combination
of factors we just discussed (sex education, SES, etc)

44
Q

what are the three main components of prenatal care?

A
  1. Medical
    (Access to basic medical care, check ups, ultrasounds)
  2. Nutrition
    Given that another living thing is growing inside the woman, it is essential
    that her nutrition is good, lots of vitamins, minerals, protein, etc
    - Must maintain weight that is not too light and not too heavy, otherwise
    risks her health and health of the fetus
    - Particularly important for pregnant women to get: folic acid, protein, iron,
    calcium, magnesium
    - Protein helps to build new tissues
    - Folic acid is important for growth (lack of causes anemia and
    fatigue)
    - Iron is important because the fetus draws a lot of iron for itself
    - Calcium is also important (deficiency can lead to muscle cramps,
    nerve pains, uterine ligament pains, sleeplessness, and irritability
    - Calcium and magnesium deficiencies are associated with premature
    birth
    - Even a healthy diet may not include enough of these, which is why
    pregnant women should take supplements (ie. Prenatal vitamins)
  3. Exercise
    - Most women can engage in moderate exercise throughout their pregnancy,

30

unless otherwise indicated by a health professional
- Most recommended are low-moderate impact exercises such as walking,
yoga, swimming, aerobic classes, etc.
- Key is to not overdo it, stay hydrated, take breaks, and do not put pressure on the belly.

45
Q

What are the effects of alcohol on a fetus?

A
  1. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (Umbrella term for outcomes associated with any amount of alcohol exposure in UTERO).
  2. Fetal alcohol syndrome.(Characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth deficiencies, small brain, small eye openings, and cognitive impairments affect 1% of Canadians).
46
Q

What are the effects of smoking cigarettes (tobacco use) on the fetus?

A
  1. Slows fetal growth and development.
  2. Increases risk of infant illness.
  3. Disability
  4. Death
    - maternal smoking is associated with premature birth, low birth weight, cardiovascular abnormalities, conditions involving the heart, veins, arteries and asthma.
47
Q

what are the effects of smoking marijuana on the fetus?

A

Prematurity and low birth weight but also difficulty conceiving in the first place.

48
Q

What is the current medical advice on sex during pregnancy?

A

*No medical evidence that intercourse or other sexual activity is harmful during pregnancy.

49
Q

What changes in sexual behaviour do we see during pregnancy?

A
  1. Most common is a decline in sexual activity during the first trimester.
  2. increase in sexual activity in the second trimester (women sex drive increases during this time)
  3. Decline in sexual activity in the third trimester.(often due to just awkwardness with the belly and discomfort).
50
Q

What do we know about postpartum sexual function?

A
  • Pregnancy and postpartum are a valuable time for couples sexual lives.
  • Changes to sexual function (desire, arousal, lubrication, pain) are common after having a baby.
51
Q

What is Couvade Syndrome?

A
  1. Sympathetic Pregnancy.
    - Some men experience physical symptoms of pregnancy including indigestion, nausea, changes in appetite, and headaches; may be caused by hormonal changes. (One study showed that men who experience these symptoms have higher levels of prolactin and lower levels of testosterone than men who do not).
52
Q

What is the couvade Ritual?

A

A more dramatic form of couvade syndrome where the man experiences his own version of labor while his partner is in labour; he moans, groans, and suffers the pains of delivery with her; still practices in parts of Asia, South America, and OCEANA.

53
Q

What psychological changes occurs within fathers in Canada during the wives pregnancy?

A

Many men expect to be actively involved in fathering; they often want to be involved with feeling baby’s movements in utero, learning about pregnancy and delivery, being a support to their partner during delivery and learning how to change diapers, feed baby etc.
- Many men report a feeling of increased maturity and meaning in life from being involved in their newborns life.

54
Q

What are the signs of the beginning of labour?

A
  • SIGNS vary from woman to woman*
    1. Mucous plug discharge - Discharge of a small amount of bloody mucous; this is the plug that was in the cervical opening during pregnancy which prevents germs from passing from the vagina to the uterus.
  1. Ruptured membranes - About 10% of women have amniotic fluid burst from the membranes “water breaking”. This usually does not happen until the end of the first stage of labour.
  2. Increased Braxton Hicks contractions increase - More frequent, but tend to be more irregular than actual labour contractions (Although they often are mistaken for labour).
55
Q

What happens in the first stage of labour?

A
  1. Effacement of the cervix = Thinning out of the cervix; stimulated by regular contractions of the muscles of the uterus.
  2. Dilation of the cervix = The opening up of the cervix ; also caused by the regular contractions of the muscles of the uterus. *Cervix must have an opening of 10cm (4inches) before the baby can be born.
  3. length of labour can be anywhere from 2-24 hours with an average of 12-15hours on a first pregnancy and 8 hours on a 2nd + pregnancy.
  4. Contractions : Uterine contractions become closer and closer together in time and women are to go to the hospital when they are 4-5mins apart.
56
Q

What are your options for pain management in the first stages of labour?

A
  1. Epidural, administered at 4cm dilated when in active labour with strong and regular contractions but never too early or too late unless the baby’s head is crowning.
  2. You may also have a catheter inserted early on and have the narcotics released later.
57
Q

What happens in the second stage of labour?

A
  • Second stage begins when the cervix is fully dilated and the baby’s head begins to move into the birth canal.
  • Lasts for a few mins or hours and is usually shorter than the first stage.
58
Q

What is “Crowning” in the second stage of labour?

A

-Occurs when the top of the head becomes visible at the vaginal entrance.

59
Q

What is an episiotomy?

A

-When an incision slit is made in the perineum which makes for a larger entrance for the baby to exit. 17% of Canadian births have an episiotomy.

60
Q

when does the first breath occur during the second stage of birth?

A

-Transition to self sufficient breathing takes a few minutes after the baby fully emerges from the birth canal and still while attached with the umbilical cord.

61
Q

What happens during the third stage of labour?

A
  • Placenta detaches from the walls of the uterus.
  • Afterbirth is expelled (includes the placenta and remaining membranes).
  • Can take between a few minutes to an hour.
  • If episiotomy was performed this is when it would be sewen up.
62
Q

When does a women require a Caesarean section? 28% of CAD births.

A
  • Baby’s head is too large
  • Mother’s pelvis is too small
  • Baby is breech or transverse (feet first or lying across the cervical opening)
  • cervix is not dilating
  • Labour has been long and mother is nearing exhaustion
  • Placenta previa – when the placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus
    close to or covering the cervix
63
Q

What are the certain risks that are higher after C-section?

A
  1. Infection of bladder or uterus
  2. Injury to Uterus (during incisions)
  3. Injury to baby (can (rarely) cause harm to the baby (i.e.,
    cutting/poking baby by accident))
    *c-section rates can be reduced when hospitals adopt appropriate precautions.
64
Q

What are some options for preparing the mother for childbirth?

A

Education & Relaxation.
1. Programs that try to help reduce pain associated with childbirth by providing: - (1) education to reduce the woman’s fear of the unknown (2) teaching relaxation techniques (to eliminate tension and hopefully reduce pain)
2. Lamaze method – one of the most popular methods of prepared childbirth,
classes in this method are offered in most places in the world
- Teaches relaxation and controlled breathing
- Woman learns to relax all the muscles in her body (helps to conserve energy during labour, and also reduce tension that can be associated with pain)
- Controlled breathing helps with easing the pain of contractions.

65
Q

What are the different Childbirth Options?

A
  1. Doula (Doula – Greek word meaning “woman’s servant”; someone who is present during delivery and labour to provide emotional support; they can also provide education, but cannot perform any medical tasks)
  2. Midwives (Midwife visits are typically longer than those with a physician, midwives stay with the woman for the duration of the labour and birth (not like doctors and nurses who change shifts)
    & Offer the option of home or hospital birth)
  3. Anesthetics (just because a woman is using natural methods such as Lamaze or doula, doesn’t mean she can’t also use anesthetics; many women use both)
  4. Home-Birth (Home births are reserved for women who have low risk of complications; careful screening of women who wish to have a home birth & In general, women rate home births as more positive than hospital births)
66
Q

Natural Childbirth contains…

A
  1. Continuity of care with midwife.
  2. Becoming educated.
  3. Learning relaxation techniques.
  4. Learning controlled breathing.
  5. Social support.
    * Mothers who experience these factors have the best outcomes physically and emotionally*
67
Q

What are the Myths about motherhood?

A
  1. motherhood is completely happy and satisfying.
  2. Being a mother is a woman’s ultimate fulfillment.
  3. New mothers will feel perfectly competent due to her “natural” mothering skills.
68
Q

What is the negative factors of reality of parenthood?

A

Slide 51

69
Q

What are the positive factors in the reality of parenthood?

A

Women report increased sense of their own strength, marvel at their ability to nurture a fetus, give birth
Parenting can be fun and interesting
Identifying and developing ability to nurture
Father/partners express admiration and affection for their partner
Enjoy watching baby develop mew skills
More abstract than negative factors (negative factors tend to be tangible, day- to-day things, whereas the positives are more global appraisals and abstract rewards)

70
Q

What are the roles of the partners after childbirth?

A

• Partners often experience excitement and pride about being a parent, they are
often proud of their partner for giving birth (often marvel at their partner’s
strength)
• Have many of the same anxieties and concerns as the mother (worried about not
knowing how to do things, having parenting instincts, etc)
• Have concerns leading up to the birth about being able to be at the birth (arrange
their schedule to make sure they are readily accessible and ready to go!)

71
Q

What is the Pronatalist view?

A
  • Pronatalism is an ideology that promotes child-bearing and parenthood as desirable for social reasons and to ensure the continuance of humanity
  • Others disagree with this position and choose to be child-free
72
Q

What are the physical changes of postpartum?

A
  • During pregnancy, the placenta produces large amounts of estrogen and
    progesterone
  • When placenta is expelled, there is a massive drop in these hormones – the
    hormone levels gradually return to normal after a few weeks to a few
    months
  • Body also undergoes considerable stress during labour and childbirth, lots
    of healing
73
Q

What are the physiological changes of postpartum?

A
  • Many women experience the baby blues (up to 80%, usually resolves within 2 weeks), or full on postpartum depression (clinically depressed mood, between 10-20% of women, can last months or even years) – goes against stereotypes of motherhood so many women feel they have to “fake it” and pretend they are loving motherhood, etc.
74
Q

What do we know about attachment postpartum?

A
  • There is no critical sensitive period where baby’s and mothers have to
    “bond” with each other
  • Instead, attachment occurs over time, many women start to feel attached
    56
    during pregnancy, and continue to develop their attachment with the infant after birth
75
Q

What do we know about postpartum sexuality?

A
  • Woman is at somewhat of a risk of infection and hemorrhage after birth,
    also increased risk for pain, so minimum 2 weeks of penetrative sexual
    activities, some doctors recommend waiting 6 weeks
  • When penetrative activites are resumed, some women experience pain or
    discomfort, so have to “take it slow”
  • Sexual frequency tends to be low the first month after birth, but after 6
    months, goes up to 1-3 times per month
76
Q

What is colostrum?

A

the breasts secrete colostrum (not milk) – this is a different fluid that is much higher in protein and helps a lot with the baby’s immunity

77
Q

When is milk ready for breastfeeding?

A

2-3 days after delivery, true lactation occurs

78
Q

What is infertility?

A

Infertility - Refers to a woman’s inability to conceive and give birth to a living child, or a man’s inability to impregnate a woman

79
Q

Does female orgasm help with fertility? (ex. sucking up the sperm)

A

Treating the combined orgasm and non-orgasm conditions as paired samples showed that there was a significant difference in simulant retention – measured in terms of lower amount of flowback – between the orgasm (M=4.08, SD=0.17) and non-orgasm (M=3.30, SD=0.22) conditions: t(5)=7.02, p=0.001. Cohen’s d=3.97, effect size r=0.89. This indicates a medium to small effect size.
Measuring sperm backflow following female orgasm: a new method (2016) Robert King, PhD,1,* Maria Dempsey, PhD,1 and Katherine A. Valentine, PhD2