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PSYCH350 > CH14 Gender Sexual orientation and Identity > Flashcards

CH14 Gender Sexual orientation and Identity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the impact on chronic stress on pregnancy?

A

Chronic stresses are things such as poverty, ongoing mental health, intimate partner violence and racism.
Low birth weight & ….

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2
Q

Are there really boob guys and butt guys?

A

YES, boobs have been the most popular for the most part but there has been in the last 30 years attention on butts when jeans first came out.

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3
Q

What is the age timeline for first crush, first kiss, genital fondling, and intercourse?

A

Age 10 - First crush
Age 12-14 - First Kiss
Age 16-16 - Genital fondling
Age 16-18 - First intercourse

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4
Q

What data sources do we use to address childhood sexuality?

A
  • Retrospective surveys with adults
  • Kinsey Interviews
  • Talking computer interviews
  • Surveys with adolescents (Canadian youth, sexual health, and HIV/AIDS study. & Bibby series of surveys)
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5
Q

What factors influence psychosexual development?

A

Parental Socialization

  1. Expectations (Is sex even talked about?)
  2. Reactions (How parents react to sexual questions)
  3. Communication(How sex is communicated to kids from parents)

Social learning (modelling) - Sexuality in the media.

Sexual Experiences

  1. Developmentally appropriate.
  2. Abusive.

Cultural Factors - Differences in conservativeness.

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6
Q

What has been noted about infants ages 0-4 regarding sexual response?

A
  • Erections in utero
  • Vaginal lubrication in the first 24 hours after birth
  • Note* Freud wasn’t far off in that infants are sexual beings.
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7
Q

What has been noted about infants ages 0-4 regarding Attachment?

A

-Psychological bond between infant + caregivers matter in predicting future attachment style.

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8
Q

What has been noted about infants ages 0-4 regarding Self-stimulation?

A

-By 6-12months self-stimulation is discovered as a sexual component by accident, unintentionally. However, when motor skills improve they touch themselves more (usually curiosity).

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9
Q

What has been noted about infants ages 0-4years regarding child-child encounters?

A
  • Playing games like “doctor” showing genitals.
  • Seen as curiosity, not sexually motivated and not seen as indicative of later sexual identity.
  • Notes* some parents get weird about this and can respond with shame or guilt
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10
Q

What knowledge do infants 0-4 have about sex?

A
  • Some kids learn about sex by 4-6 by walking in on parents having sex.
  • By 3-4 they are interested in naked bodies.
  • Sexuality and gender at 2.5-3 yrs old is identifiable. “Im a girl”
  • by 5 years of age infants understand marriage and gender role/scripts.
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11
Q

What is adrenarche? and when does this increase?

A
  • Maturation of adrenal glands.

- 8-10 years increase in sex hormones (Androgens)

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12
Q

What percentage of boys masturbate before puberty?

A

40%

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13
Q

Why do girls masturbate less?

A
  • Boys more likely to talk about it than girls.
  • Girls have accidental discovery of genitals rather then men who rely on their genitals by holding them. SO familiarity.
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14
Q

What of mixed-sex sexual play occurs during the ages 5-11?

A
  • Age 11 mixed sex sexual play
  • Kids learn about heterosexual sex at this point.
  • Age 11 and 12 = Sex play sexual touching. 5% of kids that are boys say they have had sex.
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15
Q

Is same-sex play linked to future sexual orientation?

A

nope

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16
Q

What topics in Debra Haffner’s book (diapers to dating…) can lead to convo’s about sex?

A

-Healthy body image
-Respect for others
-Understand the concept of privacy
-Make age-appropriate decisions
-Comfortable asking questions about sexuality
-Prepared for the changes of puberty.
“BE ASKABLE” B/C you don’t need to know the answers right away.

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17
Q

When does sexualization of children occur?

A

When,

  • A person’s value comes from sexual appeal or behaviour.
  • A person is held to a standard in which physical attraction = being sexy.
  • A person is sexually objectified
  • Sexuality is inappropriately imposed on another person.
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18
Q

What are some examples of sexualizing boys and girls?

A

Boys: TV, Games, Movies that promote muscularity, physical power, and that sex for men involves aggressive domination of beautiful women for the pleasure of men.

Girls: Sexual objectification, weight and appearance.
Example: Brats dolls, Beauty Pageants, etc.

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19
Q

What protects against sexualization of the self?

A

Media Literacy, False Portrayals, Athletic Participation, and comprehensive sex ed.

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20
Q

What two factors contribute to sexuality during adolescence? (12-18yrs)

A

Interest is more pronounced now

  • Biological Factors, increase in sex hormones like testosterone.
  • Social Factors, Watching TV that includes sexuality. Enact sex scripts and gender roles.
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21
Q

When is there an increase in masturbation?

A

After puberty

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22
Q

How have attitudes toward masturbation changed?

A

Victorian Era associated masturbation with incredibly negative health outcomes however now attitudes are more positive and beliefs are that it is more normal.

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23
Q

Is there variation in born and raised Canadians first intercourse ages and immigrants to Canadas first intercourse age?

A

Yes, Immigrants to Canada are less likely to have sex earlier in life.
Cultural differences.

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24
Q

What are the two main motives for adolescence aged 12-18 to engage in intercourse?

A
  1. Love and affection (expressed by more females)
  2. Curiosity and experimentation (expressed more by males)
    Other reasons:
    Increased intimacy
    Sexual Pleasure
    Increased social status
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25
Q

What are some motives for NOT engaging in sex of adolescence ages 12-18?

A
  1. Not feeling ready
  2. Not having the right opportunity
  3. Not having met the right person
  4. Wanting to be a virgin at marriage
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26
Q

Do most adolescence rate their first intercourse as positive?

A

Yes.

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27
Q

Is there a pleasure and orgasm gap in early years of 12-18?

A

yes 62% of men orgasm at first intercourse and only 6% of women orgasm at first intercourse.

28
Q

What are the predictors of satisfaction at first intercourse? (12-18)

A
  • Intentional (not spontaneous)
  • People less committed to gender roles
  • More positive body image
29
Q

What are the three different attitudes of viewing your virginity?

A
  1. Gift - Virginity sacred and special.
  2. Stigma - Don’t wanna be a virgin.
  3. Process - A stepping stone in your development.
30
Q

Which two attitudes toward virginity predict intentional planning of your first intercourse?

A

Gift and Process

31
Q

What age is considered too early sex?

A

15 or younger

32
Q

What are the associated risks of too early sex?

A
  • Less likely to use a condom
  • More likely to have sex with more than one partner
  • Higher risk of teen pregnancy
  • Higher risk of STI’s
33
Q

What are the predictors of too early sex?

A
  • Living in a single parent home
  • Having more depressive symptoms
  • Displaying antisocial behaviour
  • Less self-disclosure to parents
  • More parent child conflict
  • Having more other sex friends
  • Having friends who use alcohol and drugs
  • Lower academic achievement
34
Q

What are the pros of adolescent romantic relationships?

A

Pros:

  • Learn new skills and scripts needed to maintain long term relationships
  • Explore identity
  • Develop future goals
  • Learn communication and conflict resolution skills
  • Learn how to enhance intimacy, sexuality
35
Q

What are the Con’s of adolescent romantic relationships?

A

Cons:

  • Some are low-quality relationships characterized by high conflict, controlling behaviour, etc.
  • Emotional experience can include anxiety, jealousy, depression.
  • Cyberstalking and stalking behaviours.
  • Harassment for LGBTQ+ youth.
  • Extradyadic sexual activity. (CHEATING)
36
Q

Why are the highest rates of STI’s among adolescents?

A
  • Inconsistent condom use and contraceptive use.

- More likely to think they are invincible.

37
Q

What are the adolescent pregnancy rates?

A

2.8% of girls in 2010 and 2.5% in 2019

Lower than the US but higher than Europe.

38
Q

How can we increase the likelihood of condom use in adolescents?

A
  1. Motivation - Need positive attitudes toward condom use.

2. Skill - Be confident in how to use a condom.

39
Q

How can we contribute to preventing teen pregnancy?

A
  • Access to information about effective contraception, access to these methods.
  • Greater societal acceptance of sexual activity among young people.
40
Q

What does OSA stand for?

A

Online Sexual Activity

41
Q

What is sexting?

A

Sexual messages or images via cellphones

42
Q

What laws under the criminal code of Canada have been made to protect against child pornography?

A

2001 in response to sexting introduced the intimate photo rule, consensual and kept quiet then you’re good.
2014 Federal government made it illegal to knowingly spread ones images nude without consent.

43
Q

By age 24 85% of intercourse is usually in the context of what?

A

A romantic relationship

44
Q

What is a hookup?

A

Any sort of sexual behaviour

45
Q

What percentage of college students have had some sort of hookup experience?

A

60-80% of YA

46
Q

What percentage of people say their previous hookup had alcohol involved?

A

30%

47
Q

What is most important to do before a hookup?

A

Cognitive appraisal of the hookup = What do you want out of it? what are your intentions? Cause not likely to gateway to a romantic relationship.

48
Q

What is gender binary?

A

The classification of people into one of two categories (man/boy or woman/girl) (Many assumptions of what is a boy/girl)

49
Q

What is the definition of gender role?

A

Socially prescribed expectations about behaviour for men and women. (How aggressive/agreeable etc)

50
Q

Do societies have more than two genders?

A

yes, ex Fa’afafine, Two-spirited.

51
Q

What is the definition of socialization?

A

-The ways that society conveys how people are supposed to behave. (EX. DOLLS VS TRUCKS)

52
Q

What is the definition of a stereotype?

A

-Rigid set of beliefs about a group. (Rules, lead to sexism)

53
Q

What is the definition of sexism?

A

Pattern of prejudice and discrimination. (EX. Women cant do something b/c of stereotype)

54
Q

Are the perceived different of men and women nonsexual behaviour real?

A

YES.
Aggression = Men > Women
Communication Styles: Self-Disclosure = Women > Men
Men are becoming more open though.

55
Q

What are the gender differences in sexual behaviour?

A

Masturbation: M > F
Positive attitudes towards casual sex = M > F
Orgasm Consistency = M > F
Use of Pornography = M > F (Women watching more though)

Sex Drive: Sexual Thoughts, Sexual Initiations and restrictions.

56
Q

What was concluded in Alexander and Fishers self report bias experiment?

A

Three conditions:
Bogus Pipeline, Anonymous, Exposure Threat.
Women reported having more sexual partners than men.
Women reported less sexual partners when there was exposure threat.

57
Q

What is the sexual double standard?

A
  • When the same behaviour is evaluated differently depending on whether a man or a woman engages in it.
  • Restrictions are placed on women’s sex life.
58
Q

What are the implicit and explicit attitudes towards women sexual activities? (Sexual double standard)

A

Explicit example: When men are asked about how they feel regarding women sex activity they explicitly say sure go ahead.

Implicit example: Women are rated by men as less nice if the men are aware of the women high sexual activity.

59
Q

How many different gender options are there on Facebook?

A

56

60
Q

What is the definition of cisgender? (DIFF THAN SEXUAL ORIENTATION)

A

A term for someone who’s assigned sex at birth matches their gender identity.

61
Q

What is transgender? (DIFF THAN SEXUAL ORIENTATION)

A

An umbrella term encompassing a broad range of individuals whose gender identity does not match their sex assigned at birth.

62
Q

Who was Dr. Ken Zucker?

A

Ran the gender clinic, got cancelled, advocate for hormone blockers?

63
Q

What is the watchful waiting approach?

A

Watch the Childs behaviour and wait to see how it develops.

64
Q

What are the different ways to gender confirm in adulthood?

A
  • Counselling
  • Real life test (or hormone therapy)
  • Hormone therapy (Blocking and adding) Not a lot of research on hormone therapy
  • Surgery
65
Q

What are the challenges both personal and social for trans people?

A
  • Bathrooms
  • Employment
  • Poor health care
  • Police Harassment
  • Prejudice and discrimination
  • Despair (suicide)

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