Chapter 6 Causation and Experimentation

Question 1

1 receiving the experimental condition (treatment or intervention) AKA experimental group AND 1 receiving no treatment or intervention AKA control group

Answer 1

2 comparison groups

Question 2

Mechanism and Context

Answer 2

2 conditions important in specifying causal relationships

Question 3

Empirical association, Appropriate time order, and Nonspuriousness

Answer 3

3 conditions required to establish cause and effect (causality)

Question 4

Expectancies of experimental staff, Placebo effect, Hawthorne effect

Answer 4

3 sources of treatment misidentification

Question 5

Measurement of the DV in both groups after the experimental group has received the treatment

Answer 5

Assessment of change (posttest)

Question 6

Has a pretest and posttest but no comparison group (only an experimental group)

Answer 6

Before-and-after design

Question 7

the outcome that would have occurred if the subjects who were exposed to the treatment were actually not exposed, but given identical experiences to those who did get the treatment

Answer 7

Counterfactual

Question 8

People who have all experienced a similar event or common starting point

Answer 8

Cohort

Question 9

ability to confidently apply the results of the study to its corresponding population

Answer 9

Generalizability (external validity)

Question 10

When either the experimental groups or the comparison group is aware of the other group

Answer 10

Contamination

Question 11

A study in which data are collected at only one point in time

Answer 11

Cross-sectional design research

Question 12

when natural developments in the subjects account for some or all of the observed change between pretest and posttest

Answer 12

Endogenous change

Question 13

“After the fact.” Uses nonrandom control groups designated after the treatment

Answer 13

Ex post facto control group design

Question 14

Things that happen outside of the experiment that can also change the subject’s outcome scores

Answer 14

External events (history effect)

Question 15

Whenever studies utilize conditions of an experimental method in a real-world setting

Answer 15

Field research (or field experiment)

Question 16

A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the same individuals at 2 or more points in time

Answer 16

Fixed-sample panel design

Question 17

when the experimental treatment is effective only when particular conditions created by the experiment occur

Answer 17

Interaction of testing and treatment

Question 18

Ability to confidently state that the relationship between X (the IV) and Y (the DV) is causal

Answer 18

Internal validity

Question 19

A study in which data are collected at 2 or more points in time, so identification of time is straightforward

Answer 19

Longitudinal research Designs

Question 20

a procedure for equating the characteristics of individuals in the experimental group and the control group

Answer 20

Matching

Question 21

Experimental and comparison group that are designated before the treatment occurs, individual matching or aggregate (group) matching

Answer 21

Nonequivalent control group design

Question 22

A relationship that exists between 2 variables that is not due to variation in a 3rd variable

Answer 22

Nonspuriousness

Question 23

Research design where a comparison group is comparable to the treatment group in important ways

Answer 23

Quasi-experimental designs

Question 24

a type of longitudinal study in which data are collected at 2 or more points in time from different samples of the same population

Answer 24

Repeated cross-sectional design (trend study)

Question 25

When characteristics of the experimental and comparison group subjects differ in a way that influences the outcome

Answer 25

Selection bias

Question 26

testing and treatment interact to produce the outcome of this

Answer 26

Solomon four-group design

Question 27

when the treatment itself is not what causes the outcome, but the change occurs through a process that the researcher hasn’t identified

Answer 27

Treatment misidentification

Question 28

True experiments

Answer 28

Great for internal validity, allow us to confidently establish the first 3 criteria for causality