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Wildlife Rehabilitation > Chapter 6 Care and Treatment of Orphaned, Sick and Injured Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Care and Treatment of Orphaned, Sick and Injured Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Confining a recently injured animal in a
a darkened cardboard box:

a. may reduce stress
b. is cruel
c. may help tame it for treatment
d. may damage the animal’s vision

A

A

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2
Q

Life-threatening conditions should be treated immediately and include:

a. shock
b. severe dehydration
c. hemorrhage
d. all of the above

A

D

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3
Q

Shock is a medical emergency. Signs of shock include:

a. severe, watery diarrhea
b. rapid, shallow breathing
c. weak pulse and pale mucous membranes (gums)
d. band c

A

D

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4
Q

The probable number one cause of death for animals in a rehabilitator’s care is:

a. stress
b. infection
c. unsterile conditions
d. antibiotics

A

A

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5
Q

Of the following, which could be considered stressful for an animal in rehabilitation?

a. staring directly in an animal’s eyes
b. physically restraining an animal
c. petting the animal
d. being in a cage
e. all of the above

A

E

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6
Q

What are two signs of shock?

a. pale gums, quiet and responsive
b. slow capillary refill time, active
c. alert, cold extremities
d. increased pulse and respiratory rate, bleeding from the nose

A

A

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7
Q

You receive a young squirrel that you believe is in shock. What are two things that you can do immediately, before you examine him for injuries or transport to a veterinarian, that can assist in treating the shock?

a. put the squirrel in a quiet, dark box on half of a heating pad on the low setting
b. administer oral fluids and put it in a dark box
c. give antibiotics and put the squirrel on a heating -pad on the low setting
d. give antibiotics and administer oral fluids

A

A

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8
Q

You receive an emaciated animal into your facility. There is nothing else visibly wrong with the animal. The first thing you should do is feed this animal a diet similar to what it would find in the wild.

A

B

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9
Q

Dehydration at 10-12% usually causes
what?

a. hypersensitivity
b. depression or lethargy
c. death of animal
d. none of the above

A

C

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10
Q

Capillary refill time is useful in checking for:

a. fever
b. shock
c. a normal red blood cell count
d. steady respiration

A

B

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11
Q

After establishing normal body temperature
in a cottontail rabbit, the first step for treating· emaciation is rehydration.

A

True

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12
Q

Providing warmth and quiet, giving fluids
and administering corticosteroids are the proper steps in treating shock.

A

True

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13
Q

An animal in shock is admitted with an open fracture of a leg which is not actively bleeding. The leg should be cleaned and immobilized with an appropriate bandage first and then the state of shock should be controlled.

A

false
Shock is a state of decreased blood flow often brought about by loss of blood or fluids. Decreased circulation to vital organs such as the heart, brain and kidneys can cause permanent damage and lead quickly to death. Any active bleeding will contribute to the state of shock and should be immediately controlled. The animal must then be treated for shock before any other therapy is begun. Once the animal’s condition has been stabilized, any wounds or fractures can be tended to.

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14
Q

Providing heat to help an animal maintain
normal body temperature may lessen the chances of shock. Which of the following methods is an
appropriate source of warmth?

a. heating pad
b. incubator
c. infrared lamp
d. all of the above

A

D

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15
Q

The safest and most effective way to control
most cases of severe, external bleeding is:

a. tourniquet
b. direct pressure with a clean dressing
c. styptic powder
d. wait for a blood clot to form

A

B

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16
Q

An opossum bleeding freely from a front
paw should have a tourniquet applied near its elbow.

A

False

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17
Q

Dehydration can be described as a
“deprivation of water; reduction of water content of the body tissues and blood”.

A

True

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18
Q

It is important to know and be able to
recognize clinical signs of dehydration and its severity in an animal in order to properly develop a fluid therapy plan.

A

True

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19
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of an
animal that is more than 5% dehydrated?

a. no clinical signs
b. skin turgor return time from 2 to 5 seconds or no return of skin turgor
c. weak pulse
d. sunken eyes
e. b, c, and d

A

E

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20
Q

What is Fluid therapy used for?

a. to increase the animal’s motor coordination
b. to correct existing fluid deficits
c. to provide maintenance fluid levels
d. to provide for ongoing losses from bleeding, loss of kidney function, diarrhea, etc
e. b, c and d

A

E

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21
Q

Which of the following is the responsibility of
a Novice class rehabilitator in dealing with a wild animal that is dehydrated or emaciated?

a. being able to recognize a state of dehydration or emaciation
b. understanding various states of dehydration or emaciation in terms of doing what is best for the animal’s welfare
c. transferring the animal to another rehabilitator or veterinarian for treatment as soon as possible d. all of the above

A

D

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22
Q

Which of the following is a sign of
dehydration in a cottontail rabbit:

a. lethargy
b. decreased skin turgor/increased skin tenting
c. shivering

A

B

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23
Q

Fluid therapy is one of the most important
treatments for a rehabilitator to know.

A

True

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24
Q

In dehydrated animals, the goal of fluid therapy is to replace fluid deficit, provide maintenance fluid intake and compensate for ongoing fluid losses.

A

True

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25
Q

Home products such as commercial drinks that add electrolytes are as good for treating shock and dehydration as products like lactated Ringer’s® solution.

A

False

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26
Q

Rehydrating an animal too quickly without
careful monitoring can be dangerous and possibly fatal.

A

True

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27
Q

If dehydration is less than 5% there are
generally no detectable clinical signs.

A

Ture

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28
Q

One of the maxims of oral fluid therapy is If the gut works, use it.

A

True

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29
Q

Severely hypothermic (cold) animals should be tended to immediately and warmed to a normal body
temperature as quickly as possible.

A

Flase

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30
Q

The extremities of an animal suffering from acute frostbite should be immersed in hot water.

A

False

31
Q

Rehabilitators may need to immobilize a fractured limb on an animal to prevent further damage prior to seeking assistance from a veterinarian.

A

True

32
Q

If a nestling bird has been out of its nest for some time in a rain storm and has gotten chilled, the best thing to do is:

a. feed the bird warm formula
b. rub the bird vigorously in your hands
c. warm the bird slowly
d. put the bird back in its nest

A

C

33
Q

It is acceptable to discard needles and other
sharp, medical disposables in common trash.

A

False

34
Q

Wildlife species do not feel pain.

A

False

35
Q

Novices should have basic knowledge of
triage, first aid and wound management in case they receive an injured animal and have to provide emergency treatment prior to transport to a General or Master class permit holder or to a veterinarian.

A

True

36
Q

Triage is the process of sorting out priority
needs of animals in order to decide which condition needs to be treated first and which can wait.

A

True

37
Q

The ABC’s of emergency animal medicine
include the following:

a. A for airway-make sure the animal can breathe
b. B for bleeding–stop any major blood loss
c. C is for cardiopulmonary–is the animal’s heart beating?

A

True

38
Q

An epizootic disease is:

a. one which infects a large number of animals in a short period of time, similar to an epidemic in humans
b. transmissible from animals to humans
c. only contagious among birds
d. a problem which is extremely rare in the United States

A

A

39
Q

Domestic pets (dogs, cats, birds, etc.) and wildlife can transmit certain diseases and parasites between each other.

A

True

40
Q

A wildlife rehabilitator who has a domestic pet(s) should:

a. not take any special precautions to prevent disease and parasite transmission between wildlife and the pet(s)
b. keep the pet(s) current on vaccinations
c. discuss potential disease and parasite transmission between wildlife and the pet(s) with your veterinary consultant
d. avoid direct and indirect contact (e.g., rehabilitator’s clothing, unwashed hands, waste) between wildlife and the pet(s)
e. b, c and d

A

E

41
Q

Which of the following statements about canine distemper in wildlife is FALSE:

a. the signs often resemble those of rabies
b. raccoons, gray foxes and skunks are all commonly affected
c. the signs often include a runny nose and eyes, disorientation, and lack of fear
d. the disease is transmissible to people

A

D

42
Q

Each of the following is susceptible to canine distemper virus EXCEPT:

a. fox
b. tree squirrel
C. raccoon
d. mink
e. skunk

A

B

43
Q

Clinical signs of rabies infection may include:

a. hyper-salivation
b. aggressive behavior and/or lack of fear of people
c. seizures
d. death
e. “Adumbness”/”dullness”
f. all of the above

A

F

44
Q

Vaccinations developed for use in dogs and cats are also effective in wildlife species such as raccoons.

A

False

45
Q

Animals infected with rabies always show
clinical signs of illness before shedding virus in the saliva.

A

False

46
Q

Potential risks of vaccinating wildlife species
with vaccinations developed for use in domestic animals include:

a. allergic reaction–possibly fatal
b. vaccine failure
c. adaptation of the target virus into a form resistant to current vaccines
d. induction of disease in the vaccinated animal or creation of an asymptomatic carrier of disease
e. all of the above

A

E

47
Q

It is appropriate to handle an open wound
with bare hands as long as your hands are clean and the wound is thoroughly flushed with an antiseptic.

A

False

48
Q

The skin of wild rabbits is easily torn.

A

True

49
Q

Diarrhea can indicate:

a. intestinal infection
b. stress
c. improper diet
d. all of the above

A

D

50
Q

Animals suffering from severe diarrhea
should remain on solid foods as long as they receive supplemental fluids.

A

False

51
Q

What is the common condition involving a
bacterial infection affecting the feet of birds, especially birds of prey, that can be aggravated
by improper perches?

a. septicemia
b. bumblefoot
c. hypoglycemia
d. ringworm

A

B

52
Q

Treatment failure for avian bumblefoot (pododermatitis) is common and thus prevention through the use of proper floor surfaces and perches, as well as close monitoring of animals under your care, is very important.

A

True

53
Q

Animals rescued from the mouths of domestic dogs or cats, though appearing injured, may have tiny puncture wounds
that can lead to serious illness and even death.

A

True

54
Q

Bleeding from a broken blood (growing) feather on a bird can best be stopped by:

a. cutting the feather shaft
b. direct pressure
c. careful and swift removal of the feather shaft from the follicle
d. styptic powder

A

C

55
Q

A Canada goose with a fractured humerus is
presented to you after being captured one week ago. The fracture is midshaft, transverse and open. The end of the bone visible is dried out, brown/yellow in color and brittle in appearance. Which of the following statements is most accurate:

a. the wound should be cleaned, wing wrapped to the body so that the bone is aligned, and the bird rested until the fracture heals
b. the wing should be wrapped to the body
and the bird transported to a veterinarian for surgery
c. the bird should be euthanized as the fracture will not heal adequately for release
d. the bird should be released where it was found and the fracture will heal on its own

A

C

56
Q

Pesticides can affect wildlife by:

a. causing direct mortality or behavioral abnormalities
b. causing decreased reproduction
c. altering or decreasing the food base
d. altering the habitat
e. a and b
f. all of the above

A

F

57
Q

Pesticides used to control insects, rodents,
weeds, fungi and birds are selective and thus do not adversely impact other nontarget species of animals or plants.

A

False

58
Q

Antifreeze® (ethylene glycol) has a bitter
taste and thus is rarely ingested by wild animals.

A

False

59
Q

Euthanasia of wildlife is to be performed by a llcensed veterinarian or by the wildlife
rehabilitator permittee only by methods specifically prescribed by the veterinarian in accordance with criteria established by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) or the National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA).

A

True

60
Q

In choosing a method of euthanasia, which of the following factors should be considered?

a. use of a technique which minimizes stress and pain to the animal
b. the experience of the wildlife rehabilitator with the technique
c. the degree of safety of the technique to the wildlife rehabilitator
d. all of the above

A

D

61
Q

When deciding whether to continue treatment or to euthanize an animal, facts to consider should
include:

a. the availability of an effective and humane course of treatment
b. once treatment is completed, will the animal be able to re-enter the wild with a reasonable chance of survival
c. if an animal is not releasable, is there justification for keeping it in captivity other than just to avoid euthanasia
d. all of the above

A

D

62
Q

An acceptable euthanasia technique should:

a. insure safety of people involved
b. result in rapid unconsciousness followed by cardiac or respiratory arrest and ultimate loss of brain function
c. minimize any stress or anxiety experienced by the animal prior to unconsciousness
d. band c
e. all of the above

A

E

63
Q

Proper physical restraint is an important
factor in minimizing the pain and distress of the animal as well as in assuring the safety of those involved in the euthanasia procedure.

A

True

64
Q

The amount of control and kind of restraint
needed for a euthanasia procedure should be determined by which of the following?

a. species and size of the animal
b. degree of animal excitement
c. presence of painful injury or disease
d. method of euthanasia
e. all of the above factors should be considered

A

E

65
Q

It is not usually necessary to sedate
aggressive, fearful, wild or feral animals prior to euthanasia. Various means of restraint are sufficient.

A

False

66
Q

One should always verify death after
euthanasia of an animal and before disposal of the body.

A

True

67
Q

Which of the following techniques is NOT
considered acceptable for euthanasia of birds, rabbits and most other mammals.
a. intravenous injection of a barbiturate
b. carbon dioxide
c. carbon monoxide
d. drowning
e. inhalant anesthetic

A

D

68
Q

All of the following physical methods of
euthanasia are considered acceptable

EXCEPT:

a. gunshot (preferably to head or neck)
b. cervical (neck) dislocation (small birds, mice, immature rats & rabbits)
c. decapitation (rodents, small rabbits)
d. drowning

A

D

69
Q

Which of the following are candidates for
euthanasia?

a. a fox that is blind in one eye and has a cataract in the other eye
b. a northern cardinal with the metacarpals (very end bones) of the right wing missing
c. a Canada goose with a missing leg
d. a young great horned owl that is imprinted on humans
e. all of the above

A

E

70
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of
carbon dioxide when used as a euthanasia agent?

a. inexpensive
b. nonflammable
c. explosive
d. no accumulation of tissue residues
e. a and b
f. a, band d

A

F

71
Q

All of the following are characteristics of intravenous injection of a barbiturate when sed for euthanasia EXCEPT:

a. rapid action
b. usually smooth induction
c. minimal discomfort to animal
d. easy to obtain and use

A

D

72
Q

Intra-cardiac (into the heart) injection of a
euthanasia agent is NOT considered acceptable if the animal is conscious

A

True

73
Q

Which of the following is NOT an acceptable
means of disposal of wild animals that die of natural causes or are euthanized?

a. burial or incineration
b. feeding to other wildlife being rehabilitated
c. transfer to a person or institution who does not possess a valid salvage permit
d. band C

A

D

Wildlife Rehabilitation (7 decks)

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