Chapter 6: bali 1 and 2 Flashcards
Forms of throwing:
Underhand (1 or 2 hand)
Sidearm
Overarm (1 or two hand)
Assessment of throwing:
Outcome: accuracy, distance, ball velocity
Movement Pattern: developmental sequences
What is a ballistic skill?
Performer applies force to an object to project it
E.g throwing kicking striking
Early overhand throwing:
Young children's arm patterns during throwing (especially under 3 years il) tend to be: Restricted to arm action alone Elbow up Throw executed by elbow extension alone no steps
proficient overhand throwing
Simplified:
Forward step, pelvic rotation
Upper spine rotation and upper arm swing (windup)
Upper arm inward rotation and elbow extension
Release
Follow through
Block rotation:
rotation of the upper and lower units of the truck as a unit
Differentiated truck rotation:
the lower trunk rotates forward, while the upper trunk is rotating backwards (or still preparing to rotate forward)
Some Characteristics are best observed from the front or the back of throwing:
Truck to upper arm angle
Elbow angle
Lateral trunk bend
Others are best observed from the side:
The step
Trunk rotation
Upper arm and forearm
Throwing for Distance vs. Accuracy causes?
Boundaries in most sports
Kicking:
A kick is a ballistic strike of an object from the foot
Characteristics of Early Kicking
Similar to throwing
Unskilled kickers tend to use a single action instead of a sequence of actions
A beginner kicker will simply push the leg forward
Arms usually up at sides (not helping oppositional movement)
Proficient:
Advanced Kicking:
Preparatory winduo, running up to the ball
Uses sequential movements of the kicking leg
Knee straightens just before contact with the ball (to increase radius of the kicking leg)
Kicking leg continues forward even after contact in the follow-through
Swings the kicking leg through full range of motion at the hip
Uses the arms in opposition to the legs
Observing kicking patterns:
To give adequate instruction on kicking: From the side: Placement of the support foot Range of motion and precontact extension in the kicking leg Range of trunk motion Arm opposition
Punting:
Is a form of kicking, where the ball is dropped from the individuals hand before impact with the foot
Early Punting:
Characteristics of early punting:
Tends to toss the ball up instead of dropping the ball
Often will release the ball after the support leg contacts the ground
Child may not take a step
Arms drop to the sides
Either rigidly extend the kicking-leg or bend knee, kicking the ball with a flexed leg
Ball contacts toes instead of instep, resulting in an unpredicted punt
Ball is tossed up rather than dropped
Punter often contacts ball with toes rather than instep
Proficient Punting:
Extend the arms forward with the ball; dropping it as the final leg stride is taken
Move the arms to the side after releasing the ball, now use the arms in opposition with legs
Leap onto the supporting leg and swing the punting leg vigorously up to contact the ball, so that the body leaves the ground with a hop of the supporting leg
Keep the kicking leg knee nearly straight and the toes pointed at the time of contact
Sidearm Striking:
is a form of striking where the arm remain at or below shoulder level
Swinging a baseball bat
Why might striking be difficult for infants?
Striking involves more different perceptual judgment, being able to hit a moving target is limited in early childhood (i.e t-ball)
Characteristics of early striking:
Similar to throwing
Child will “chop” at the oncoming ball
Extend elbow
Not very much truck and leg movement
Characteristics of proficient striking:
Stepping into the hit Applying linear force to the strike Differentiated trunk rotation Swinging through full range of motion Contact, follow through
Developmental changes in sidearm striking:
Grip changes from “power grip” to “shake hands grip
Changes from using solely upper body to including the lower body
Overarm striking:
Is a form of striking where the arm treves above the shoulder level
E.g, tennis serve
Early overarm striking:
Limited pelvic and spinal movement Elbow stays bent Arm and racter swing together Ball contact is low (early tennis players i.e)
Proficient overarm striking:
Trunk rotation occurs
Racket lags begins arm during forward swing
Ball contact is higher
Developmental sequence in overarm striking: preparatory phase (trunk action)
Step 1: no trunk action or flexion and extension
step 2: minimal trunk rotation (<180 degrees)
step 3: total trunk rotation (>180 degrees)
Developmental sequence in overarm striking: elbow action
step 1; angle is 20 degrees or less or greater than 120 degrees
step 2: angle is 21 to 89 degrees
step 3; angle is 90 to 119 degrees
Developmental sequence in overarm striking: spinal range of motion:
step 1: spine (at shoulders) rotates through less than 45 degrees
step 2: spine rotates between 45 to 89
step 3: spine rotates more than 90
Developmental sequence in overarm striking: pelvic range of motion
step 1: pelvis rotates through less than 45 degrees
step 2: pelvis rotates between 45 to 89
step 3: pelvis roates more than 90 degrees
Developmental sequence in overarm striking: racket action
step 1: no racket lag
step 2: racket lag
step 3: delayed racket lag (and upward extension)
what is the Assessment of Ballistic Skills good for?
Useful for things like intervention, research and coaching
Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3)
A trained administrator demonstrate the skill, one practice trial is permitted, and the 2 trails of the skill are recorded
