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Motor Development > Chapter 13 Sensory 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Sensory 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

No study of motor development is complete without the study of the relationship between?

A

perception and action

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2
Q

Perception:

A

is a multistage process that takes place in the brain and includes selecting, processing, organizing and integrating information received from the senses

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3
Q

Sensation:

A

neural activity triggered by a stimulus activating a sensory receptor

sensory nerve pathways to the brain

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4
Q

Perception

A

multistage process in the CNS

identical sensations can yield different perceptions

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5
Q

3 parts of the sensory system

A

visual, kinesthetics and auditory

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6
Q

What sense to we rely on the most?

A

Vision

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7
Q

How much sensory info is channeled through vision?

A

80%

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8
Q

is it the most or least mature sense as a newborn?

A

least

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9
Q

Acuity?

A

Sharpness of sight

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10
Q

In the first month what is acuity like?

A

20/400 (5% of adult level)

infants can differentiate facial feature at 20 inches

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11
Q

acuity by age 5 and 10?

A

20/30 by age 5 and 20/20 by age 10

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12
Q

Visual changes with aging?

A

declines with vision have implications for skill performance and everyday living tasks

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13
Q

Symptoms of visual problems? Any age

A

lack of hand eye coordination, squinting, under or overreaching for objects, unusual head movements

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14
Q

Visual perception involves perception of?

A

space, objects, and movement

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15
Q

Perception of space requires and where does the information come from?

A

requires perception of depth and distance

information comes from retinal disparity, motion parallax and optic flow

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16
Q

Perception of objects?

A

objects attributes are size, shape and motion

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17
Q

Perception of space? what age do infants perceive depth?

A

by 6 month infants perceive depth

depth perception is refined to adult like levels in adolescence

more older adults fail depth perception tests than younger adults

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18
Q

Sclera?

A

a tough, opaque tissue that serves as the yes protection outer coat and provided shape; the white of the eye

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19
Q

Iris:

A

the coloured part of the eye, regulates amount of light entering the pupil

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20
Q

pupil:

A

Center of iris. opens and closes to regulate amount of light entering the eye

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21
Q

Retina:

A

a very thin layer of light sensitive tissue that lines the inner part of the ye. It is responsible for capturing the light rays that enter the eye

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22
Q

Cornea:

A

Transparent outer layer of the eye , which bulges forward. Primary structure focusing light entering the eye (fixed focusing)

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23
Q

Lens:

A

a crystalline lens located just behind the iris. second most powerful structure focusing light entering the ye (adjustable focusing)

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24
Q

Ciliary muscles:

A

tiny muscles that dilate and constrict the pupil size; alters shape of lens

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25
Q

Retina:

A

Consists of 2 types of photoreceptors; cones and rods

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26
Q

Rods:

A

black, white, grey, form and shape. Very sensitive and can help us see in the dark

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27
Q

Cone:

A

sense colour and need more light

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28
Q

How many rods?

A

120 million

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29
Q

How many cones?

A

6 mil

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30
Q

Are all visual structures in place at birth?

A

Yes

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31
Q

When light strikes the rods and cones in the retina what happens?

A

transduce to electrical impulses

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32
Q

Where does the information from electrical impulses go?

A

Crosses optic chiasm in forebrain in front of the hypothalamus)

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33
Q

After crossing optic chiasm where does the info go?

A

information arrives at the lateral geniculate nucleus within the thalamus

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34
Q

What happens at the lateral geniculate nucleus within the thalamus?

A

spatial organization of the visual scene is detected

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35
Q

After info is done in the lateral geniculate nucleus where does it go?

A

primary visual cortex

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36
Q

After primary visual cortex where is info sent?

A

sent to superior colliculus where it is integrated with other incoming sensory inputs

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37
Q

What does the integration allow for?

A

Allows for hand/eye coordination. also plays a role in attention and visual perception

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38
Q

Visual information is reflection in 3 characteristics:

A

acuity, accommodation and contrast sensitivity

39
Q

How do we measure acuity?

A

Snellen Test

40
Q

Hyperopia?

A

Far sighted: eyeball is shorter than normal (objects focus beyond the back of the eye)

Hardening of the lens (with age) increase hyperopia

41
Q

Myopia?

A

Near sighted: eyeball is longer than normal (image falls short of the retina)

42
Q

Astigmatism?

A

a defect in the eye caused by deviation from spherical curvature, which results in distorted images, as light rays are prevented from meeting at a common focus

43
Q

How common is astigmatism?

A

1 in 3 people have some degree of it

44
Q

Newborn vs adult eye?

A

Newborns eyeball is short and the distance between the retina and the lens is reduced

results in temporary hyperopia

during the 1st year cornea is not symmetrical (astigmatisms and difficulty focusing)

ciliary muscles are weak; therefore few newborns cannot shape their lens to accommodate for shifting place of focus for visual targets

45
Q

When can newborns best adjust lens for

A

5-10 inches away

46
Q

Contrast sensitivity:

A

referes to the ability to resolve spatial structures from fine to course at various levels of contrast and the ability to perceive differences in light levels

47
Q

What is contrast sensitivity critical for?

A

detection and recognition of shapes

48
Q

Contrast sensitivity in newborns:

A

newborns have poor contrast sensitivity but can detect many object, improves rapid in the first 6 months

49
Q

What patterns to babies perfer?

A

patterns with the most contrast

cannot see contrast in more complex patterns (prefer more bold)

50
Q

Preferential looking:

A

infants look at new or novel objects over familiar ones

51
Q

Explain habituate

A

attention wander from objects to which the infant has habituated

researchers habituate an infant ti an object then present a familiar object and a new one

infants can detect a difference, they tend to look at the new object

52
Q

What do we use to assess fixations and eye movements

A

eye tracking

53
Q

Fixation (scan path):

A

start around edges (1 month)

progress to relevant areas of human expression (2 months )

54
Q

Saccades (eye movements):

A

no eye movements for newborns, must move head

saccades appear before smooth pursuits

55
Q

Smooth pursuit:

A

4-5 months will exhibit approaching movements with upper body as if attempting to receive an object

5-6 years will begin tracking in horizontal plane

8-9 years can track an arc

maturity in smooth pursuit achieved at 12 year

56
Q

Braille reading and reorganizing

A

brain has the ability to reorganize cortical areas that are otherwise unused for optimal efficiency

57
Q

What did sadato et al find in terms of braille reading?

A

increased blood flow to occipital lobe primary visual cortex, decrease in regional cerebral blood flow in these same areas with the same task in sighted individuals

58
Q

What is a downside to the 3-finger reading technique?

A

cortical smearing of the representation of those three fingers and increased zone cortically, but they are now prone to misperceiving von Fray hairs

59
Q

3 major aspects of visual perception?

A
  1. perception of space/depth
  2. objects
  3. motion
60
Q

What is a powerful depth cue?

A

shadows

61
Q

perception of space depensd on? a d the info comes from?

A

depends on judgement if depth and distance

Information comes from experience software

62
Q

When do infants blink (to shows object coming towards them)

A

around 1 month

63
Q

What is the most famous evidence that depth perception is innate?

A

infants b/w 6-12 month failed to cross the cliff

64
Q

Perception of Objects:

A

Realization that objects continue to exist when they are no longer in view
Object permanence

65
Q

Fantz, 1961 object perception study

A

ages 4 days to 5 months, shown pairs of faces measured time spent fixated on each one

realistic face were looked at the most compared to scrambled and blank (least)

66
Q

What does this study suggest?

A

the ability to recognize faces is either innate or learned shortly after birth

67
Q

When it comes to whole or parts children usually?

A

detect the whole or detect the parts, will detect both but never at the same time

68
Q

When does integration of whole and parts occur

A

by age 9

69
Q

Perception of motion: object constancy

A

distance and object perception interact

adults perceive that objects retina their size even if the retinal image size changes because their distance from the observer changes

70
Q

When does motion perception develop?

A

starts to develop 1-3 months of age and continues through childhood

71
Q

Kinesthetics is the “__” sense

A

the 6th sense

72
Q

What does the kinesthetic or proprioceptive system give us info about?

A

our body parts in relation to each other

position of the body in space

our body’s movement

nature of objects that we interact with

73
Q

Is muscle memory a thing?

A

No

74
Q

The stages of learning body parts

A

themselves, others than a doll

75
Q

ages that children learn body parts:

A

9 month = nose, eyes
18 months = ears, hands, feet
7 years = minor parts (ankles, wrists, shins)
9 years = all parts of the body

76
Q

internal awareness and laterality?

A

internal awareness that there are two sides to the body and that these sides are different

involved development of the ability to use one side or both sides of the body to make desired movements

77
Q

By how old can children identify/label left and right parts of the body?

A

8-9 years old

78
Q

Lateral preference (dominace)

A

infants show early hand preference when reaching but not always predictive of their adulthood handedness

79
Q

What age of true lateral preference?

A

3-4

80
Q

How do they know which hand they prefer?

A

a child who has developed lateral preference will experience “feelings” (perceptions) when one side does not feel natural

81
Q

the tactile system?

A

sense of touch

82
Q

Haptic?

A

refers to the sense of touch that occurs on the skin with the movement of the body

involves skin receptors stimulated by touch, pressure, temperature and pain

83
Q

tactile perception?

A

refers to the ability to detect and interpret sensory info cutaneously (of or on the skin)

84
Q

Proprioceptors?

A

the various kinesthetic receptors located in the periphery of the body

85
Q

what the the 2 types of proprioceptors?

A

somatosensors and vestibular apparatus

86
Q

somatosensors

A

located in the muscles, muscle tendon junctions, joints, ligaments, under the skin

87
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

in the inner ear

88
Q

where are the senory receptors fo audity located?

A

utricle and saccule (inner ear)

89
Q

Absolute threshold:

A

minimal detectable sound an individual can hear at least half the time (higher db threshold for newborns)

90
Q

Are newborns sensitive to noise?

A

Newborns are more sensitive to loud sounds b/c ear canals are smaller

91
Q

Presbycusis:

A

loss of hearing sensitivity (loss of hair cells that do not regenerate)

92
Q

How many hair cells do we start with?

A

3500 inner hair cells

93
Q

intermodal perception?

A

integrating separate perceptual systems

94
Q

Do we need to integrate or are the systems unified from the start?

A

Hard to know but some support the second view that there are areas of the brain which simultaneously respond to multiple sensory inputs

Motor Development (9 decks)

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