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Motor Development > Chapter 4: Early 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Early 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Recall the maturational perspective on development suggests the brainstem/spinal cord, midbrain and cerebral cortex affects what reflexes/reactions?

A

Recall the maturational perspective on development
Brainstem/Spinal Cord → Primitive reflexes
MidBrain → Righting reactions
Cerebral cortex → equilibrium reactions

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2
Q

As the brain develops, the maturational perspective suggests that the CNS was the sole constraint to guide early motor behavior which implies?

A

unidirectional control

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3
Q

Is this really the case?

A

it seems not. Recent evidence suggests that movement also affects brian development (again, the interaction is key)
This helps to explain movements that had not really been considered by aerie er researchers: Those that appear randomly, or spontaneously

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4
Q

Are the random movements reflexive?

A

No
They occur in the absence of any apparent stimulus (or for any apparent reason)
Spontaneous (Steretypie) movements

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5
Q

Spontaneous Movements

A

Are the infants movements that occur without any apparent stimulation
Examples: Supine kicking, spontaneous movements

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6
Q

who studied supine kicking?

A

Thelen and Colleagues (1985, 1995)

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7
Q

Thelen et al. studied spine kicking movements by analyzing position and timing of limb segments what did they find?

A

Movements are not random
They are rhythmic and coordinated
Ankle, knee, and hip joints move cooperatively (not independently)

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8
Q

What does the patterns of the spontaneous movements of supine kicking in infants show?

A

These patterns appear to be early precursors of walking

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9
Q

How do infants tend to use their muscles?

A

Infants tend to co-contact their muscles (flexors and extensors contracted) adults are more efficient

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10
Q

Spontaneous arm movements (pre-grasp reaching) another stereotypies

A

Again, high degree of coordination of elbow, wrist, and finger joints
Note the fingers do not extend independently

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11
Q

Why do stereotypies exist?

A

Newborn musculature is underdeveloped

Lack of ability to produce intentional, goal-directed movements

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12
Q

Spontaneous movements og and current theory:

A

Original theory: movements are extraneous, with no purpose
Current theory:
Movements are “building blocks”, are similar to, and serve as a function for some voluntary movements
The developing brain results in the generation of these movements (maturational) the movements in turn shape the development of the brain (ecological)

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13
Q

These stereotypes are one example of early (pre-adaptive) motor behaviors. what is another movement that arises from this?

A

Another is movements that arise as the result of reflexes

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14
Q

Infantile Reflexes:

A

Reflexive movements occur quickly after the onset of stimuli
They involve single muscle or specific group of muscles (not the whole body)
They can not be extinguished at any one time
Persistence many indicate neurological problems

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15
Q

Are reflxes voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary after a stimulus

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16
Q

When do reflexes begin to develop?

A

Dominant movement from during the last 4 months of prenatal life (i.e begin to develop in utero) and the first 4 months after birth

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17
Q

Where in the brain to reflexes occur?

A

Occur subcortically (below the level of the higher brain centers)

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18
Q

Why do reflexes occur?

A

Built-in response, facilitates survival
Allows interaction with the environment
Reflexive movements result in sensory consequences, stimulate development
During later portion of reflexes period, reflex are modulated “building blocks” for future movement

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19
Q

How many reflexes?

A

There are approximately 27 major infantile reflexes (most are suppressed at about 4-6 months of age)

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20
Q

General Types of infantile reflexes:

A

Primitive: survival and protection
Postural: reaction to gravity
Locomotor: resemble voluntary locomotion

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21
Q

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (primitive)

A 
Infant starts in supine position
stimulus : turn head to one side 
Response: same-side arm and leg extend
Facilitates bilateral body awareness
Facilitates hand eye-coordination 
Also called “bow and arrow” or “fencer’s” position
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22
Q

Symmetric tonic neck reflex

A

Infant starts sitting
Stimulus: tip forward
Response: neck and arms flex, legs extend (tip back, neck and arms extend, legs flex)
Faciliatest equilibrium (vestibular development)
Persistence may impeded many motor skills and cause spinal flexion deformities

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23
Q

Doll eye reflex

A

Infant starts in vertical position
stimulus: movement to supine and back to vertical
Response: Eyes open and close
Facilitates vestibular development
Triggers of sleep and alertness
Persistence after first few days may indicate a problem

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24
Q

Palmar grasping

A

Stimulus: touch palm with finger or object
Response: hand closes tightly around object

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25
Q

Moro reflex

A

Infant starts in vertical position
Stimulus: suddenly but gently lower babys head
Response: Arms and legs extend rapidly
May signify CNS dysfunction if lacking
May signify sensory motor problem if persists
May delay sitting and head control if persists
May indicate injury to one side of brain if asymmetrical

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26
Q

sucking reflex

A

Stimulus: touch face above or below lips
Response: sucking motion begins

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27
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Infant starts in any position
Stimulus: stroke sole of the foot from heel to toe
Response: toes fan out

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28
Q

Postural reflexes (postural reactions) facilitate?

A

posture maintenance in a changing environment
Maintain head in an upright position (breathing)
Aid in development of mobility (e.g., righting and rolling
Help to develop equilibrium with in motion (e.g, parachute)

29
Q

When do postural reflexes typically appear?

A

after 2 months

30
Q

Are postural reflexes sequential?

A

Yes, for example righting happens before rolling

31
Q

What are the three postural reflexes?

A

Derotative righting reflex, Labyrinthine righting reflex, and Parachute reflex

32
Q

Derotative righting reflex

A

Infant starts in supine position
Stimulus: turn head to one side, or turn legs and pelvis to other side
Response: Body follows head in rotation, or truck and head follow in rotation
Facilitates equilibrium reactions

33
Q

Labyrinthine righting reflex

A

Infant starts in a supportive upright position
Stimulus: Tilt infant
Response: Head moves to stay upright
Necessary for bringing the body into an upright position and to orient in relation to gravity

34
Q

Parachute reflex

A 
Infant starts upright 
Stimulus: lower infant toward the ground rapidly 
Response: Legs extend (4 months) 
Tilt forward: arms extend (7 months)
Tilt sideways: arm extend (6 months)
Tilt backwards: arm extend (9 months)
35
Q

Locomotor reflexes facilitate?

A

voluntary gait

36
Q

when do locomotor reflexes appear?

A

They typically appear much earlier than the voluntary movement

37
Q

They are rhythmic movements that begin to show classic elements of coordinated movement:

A

Crawling, stepping, swimming

38
Q

Stepping reflex

A

Starting position: held upright
Stimulus: infant upright with feet touching surface
Response: legs lift and descend
Precursor to later voluntary walking
Disappears after approximately 5-months (unless you hold the child upright in water, the it reappears)

39
Q

Swimming reflex:

A

Starting position: prone in water
stimulus : place infant in or over water
Response: swimming
Note the oscillation movements (like a tadpole)

40
Q

Purpose of reflexes?

A

Some have clear reasons to emerge, others are less obvious
There roles have been described in 3 different ways:
Structural
Functional
Applied

41
Q

Structural?

A

Reflexes are a byproduct of the developing neurological system (hardwiring)

42
Q

Functional?

A

reflexes serve specific functions related to survival (ex, breath, eat)

43
Q

Applied?

A

reflexes foreshadow volitional goal-directed movements

44
Q

What is the current thought of infantile reflexes?

A

serve as building blocks to voluntary movement

Relationship between reflexes and voluntary movement

45
Q

What do early researchers believe?

A

Early researchers (e.g McGraw) believed that voluntary movement was not possible until reflexes had been inhibited (motor interference)

46
Q

A motor milestone:

A

Is a fundamental motor skill
Attaining this motor skill is associated with the acquisition of later movements
Relatively consistent stages of milestones
Timing can differ from individual to individual

47
Q

Who are the motor milestone researchers?

A

Bayley (1936, 1969) Shirley (1931, 1963)

48
Q

Motor milestone age range: 0.1-3.0 Bayley description

A 
lifts head when held at the shoulder
lateral head movement 
arm thrusts in play 
leg thrusts in play 
retains red ring (grasps)
49
Q

Motor milestone age range: 0.1-3.0 Shirley

A

chin up (lifts head in prone)

50
Q

Motor milestone age range: 0.7-7 Bayley

A

head lifts and steady
turns from side to back
sits with slight support
turns from back to side

51
Q

Motor milestone age range: 0.7-7 shirley

A

chest up

sits with support

52
Q

Motor milestone age range: 4-10 Bayley

A 
partial thumb opposition 
sits alone momentarily 
unilateral reaching 
rotates wrist 
rolls from back to front
53
Q

Motor milestone age range: 4-10 Shirley

A

sits on lap
grasps objects
sits in chair

54
Q

Motor milestone age range: 5-10 Bayley

A

sits alone steadily
complete thumb opposition
pre-walking progression
partial finger prehension

55
Q

Motor milestone age range: 5-10 Shirley

A

sits alone

stands with help

56
Q

Motor milestone age range: 5-12 Bayley

A

pulls to standing
stands up by furniture
stepping movements
walks with help

57
Q

Motor milestone age range: 5-12 Shirley

A

stands holding furniture

creeps

58
Q

Motor milestone age range: 9-20 Bayley

A

stands alone
walks alone
walks backwards

59
Q

Motor milestone age range: 9-20 Shirley

A

pulls to stand
stands alone
walks alone (shirley sequence ends here)

60
Q

Motor milestone age range: 12-30+ Bayley

A

walks up stairs with help
walks down stairs with help
jumps off floor, both feet
jumps from bottom step

61
Q

What other motor milestone researcher is there?

A

The WHO (2006) WHO multicenter growth reference study (MGRS) Group

62
Q

The WHO 6 motor milestones

A

sitting w/out support, creeping, standing with assistance, walking with assistance, standing alone, walking alone

63
Q

In terms of siting without support what are the differences

A

MGRS (WHO) = 5.9 months
Bayley = 6.6 months
Shirley = 7 months

64
Q

In terms of standing without support what are the differences b/w studies

A 
MGRS = 7.4 months 
Bayley = 8.1 months 
Shirley = 8 months
65
Q

What can we conclude from these studies?

A

Infants are attaining the same motor milestones at approximately the same ages as infants did 80+ years ago

66
Q

Postural control?

A

is the act of maintaining, achieving or restoring balance

67
Q

How does CNS affect postural control?

A

Our CNS regulates sensory information from other systems in order to make adequate motor output responses to maintain a controlled, upright posture

68
Q

How does the cerebellum affect postural control?

A

the cerebellum coordinates voluntary muscles movement’s and helps to maintain posture, balance and equilibrium

69
Q

What is the developmentalists view of postural control?

A

postural control and balance are part of the rate limiting system

Motor Development (9 decks)

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