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CSCS > Chapter 6 Adaptations to Aerobic Training Programs > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Adaptations to Aerobic Training Programs Flashcards

1
Q

how is cardiac output computed and their unit of measurement?

A

Q = Stroke volume x Heart rate
where .
Q is the cardiac output. Stroke volume is measured
in ml of blood per beat, and heart rate is measured
in beats (contractions) per minute

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2
Q

In the progression from rest to steady-state aerobic
exercise, how does cardiac output increase?

a) initially increases non linearly, then linearly, then increases rapidly

b) initially increases linearly, then non linearly, then reaches a plateau

c) initially increases gradually, then rapidly, and then reaches a plateau

d) initially increases rapidly, then more gradually, then reaches a plateau

A

initially increases rapidly, then more gradually, and subsequently reaches a plateau.

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3
Q

With maximal exercise, cardiac output may increase to _
times the resting level of about _ L/min to a maximum
of _ to _ L/min

A

With maximal exercise, cardiac output may increase to four
times the resting level of about 5 L/min to a maximum
of 20 to 22 L/min

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4
Q

Stroke volume begins to increase at the onset of exercise and continues to rise until the individual’s oxygen consumption is at
approximately _ to _ of maximal oxygen uptake

A

40% to 50%

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5
Q

Sedentary college-aged men have maximal stroke volumes averaging between _of blood per beat;

A

100 and 120 ml

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6
Q

The effect of training on the responses to exercise is marked,
and we see an increase in maximal stroke volume for
college-aged men up to _ per beat and
approximately _ for college-aged women

A

150 to 160 ml

100 to 110

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7
Q

refers to the volume of blood available to be pumped by the left ventricle at the end of the filling phase, or diastole.

A

end-diastolic volume,

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8
Q

maximal stroke volumes for college-aged women are
approximately _ less than sedentary college aged men, why?

A

25%
due to a smaller average body size as well as a smaller heart muscle

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9
Q

Two physiological mechanisms are responsible for the regulation of stroke volume, namely?

A

end diastolic volume
action of catecholamines

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10
Q

how does the action of catecholamines help regulate stroke volume?

A

action of catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine, make a more forceful ventricular contraction and greater systolic emptying of the heart.

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11
Q

With aerobic exercise, the amount of blood returning to the heart (also called venous return) is increased due to a combination of 3 things, namely

A

venoconstriction (induced via increased sympathetic nervous system activation) (6),

the skeletal muscle pump (muscular contractions combine with one-way venous valves to “push” more blood to the heart during exercise [44]),

and the respiratory pump (increased respiratory frequency and tidal volume)

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12
Q

This principle, called the _, is related to the concept that the force of contraction is a function of the length of the fibers of the muscle wall.

A

Frank-Starling mechanism

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13
Q

With the increased volume (due to venoconstriction and the skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps), the _ fibers become more _ than at rest, resulting in a more _ analogous toa rubber band and an increase in force of _ and greater _

A

myocardial fibers
stretched
forceful contraction
(greater stretch on a rubber band resulting in greater elastic recoil)
systolic ejection
cardiac emptying

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14
Q

This increase in cardiac emptying is characterized by an increase in the _ ,

A

ejection fraction

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15
Q

what is ejection fraction?

A

fraction of the end-diastolic volume ejected from the heart

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16
Q

what is the estimated maximal heart rate of a 47 year old?

A

220 - 47 = 173
variance or standard deviation, around this estimate is ±10 to 12 beats/min; thus the actual maximal heart rate for this individual could fall within the range of 161 to 185 beats/min.

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17
Q

_ is the amount of oxygen consumed by the body’s tissues

A

oxygen uptake

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18
Q

T OR F Increased metabolic efficiency allows for an increase in oxygen uptake, especially at maximal exercise.

A

T

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19
Q

it is the greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level for the entire body.

A

maximal oxygen uptake

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20
Q

has been found to correlate well with the degree of physical conditioning and is recognized as the most widely accepted measure of cardiorespiratory fitness

A

max o2 uptake

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21
Q

Resting oxygen uptake is estimated at _ of oxygen per kg of body weight per
minute (ml·kg−1·min−1) for an average person

A

3.5 ml

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22
Q

what is the Fick equation? (what does it calculate, what is its formula)

A

Oxygen uptake (VO2) can be calculated with the Fick equation, which expresses the relationship of cardiac output, oxygen uptake, and arteriovenous oxygen difference:
VO2 = Q x a-v ̅ O2
difference

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23
Q

_ estimates the pressure exerted against the arterial walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction (systole)

A

Systolic blood pressure

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24
Q

when systolic BP is combined with heart rate, it can be used to describe the _ of the heart.

A

myocardial oxygen consumption (work)

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25
Q

what is the rate pressure product or double product? (what is it for and what is its formula)

A

estimates work of heart
Rate–pressure product = Heart rate x Systolic blood pressure

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26
Q

what is the arteriovenous oxygen difference?

A

(the difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood)

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27
Q

_ is used to estimate the pressure exerted against the arterial walls when no blood is being forcefully ejected through the vessels (diastole).

A

diastolic blood pressure

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28
Q

what is the difference between systolic and diastolic BP?

A
  • systolic = BLOOD IS ejected
  • diastolic = NO BLOOD is ejected
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29
Q

what is the value of 1 MET (metabolic equivalent)?

A

Resting oxygen uptake is estimated at 3.5 ml of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per
minute (ml·kg−1·min−1) for an average person

30
Q

In systemic circulation, where is the pressure at its highest?
i. arteries
ii. aorta
iii. arterioles
iv. veins
v. venules
vi. vena cava

A

i. and ii.
then rapidly falls off within venous circulation

31
Q

As the blood flow continues through the systemic circulation, its pressure falls progressively to nearly_ mmHg (venous pressure) by the time it reaches the termination of the _ in the _

A

0
vena cava
right atrium

32
Q

what is mean arterial pressure & its formula?

A

The mean arterial pressure is the average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle

Mean arterial blood pressure = [(Systolic blood pressure − Diastolic blood pressure) ÷ 3] + Diastolic blood pressure

33
Q

why is the mean arterial pressure NOT the average of systolic and diastolic blood pressures?

A

Mean arterial pressure is not the average of systolic and diastolic pressures, because the arterial pressure usually remains nearer the diastolic level than the systolic level during a greater portion of the cardiac cycle.
Thus, the mean arterial pressure is usually LESS than the average of the systolic and diastolic pressures.

34
Q

Normal resting blood pressure generally ranges from what for systolic and diastolic?

A

110 to 139 mmHg systolic and
from 60 to 89 mmHg diastolic

35
Q

With maximal aerobic exercise, what rises and what decreases slightly?

choices: systolic blood pressure; diastolic bood pressure

A

systolic pressure can normally rise to as much as 220 to 260 mmHg,
while diastolic pressure remains at the resting level or decreases slightly

36
Q

What is the relationship of Resistance to blood flow with viscosity of the blood and the length of the vessel.

A

Resistance to blood flow is also increased with increasing viscosity of the blood and the length of the vessel.

37
Q

what are the primary mechanisms for regulating regional blood flow.

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels are the primary mechanisms for regulating regional blood flow.

38
Q

During aerobic exercise, blood flow to active muscles is considerably increased by the _of local _; at the same time, blood flow to other organ systems is reduced by _ of the _

A

During aerobic exercise, blood flow to active muscles is considerably increased by the dilation of local arterioles;
at the same time, blood flow to other organ systems is reduced by constriction of the arterioles.

39
Q

At rest and at vigorous exercise, how much cardiac output is distributed to skeletal muscle?

A

At rest, 15% to 20% of cardiac output is distributed to skeletal muscle, whereas with vigorous exercise this value may rise to 90% of cardiac output

40
Q

Significant increases in __ to the tissue, __ to the lungs, and _ provide for appropriate levels of alveolar gas concentrations during aerobic exercise

A

Significant increases in oxygen delivered to the tissue, carbon dioxide returned to the lungs,
and minute ventilation (the volume of air breathed per minute) provide for appropriate levels of alveolar gas concentrations during aerobic exercise

41
Q

With aerobic exercise, increased minute ventilation occurs as a result of what?

A

With aerobic exercise, increased minute ventilation occurs as a result of increases in the depth of breathing, frequency of breathing, or both.

42
Q

what is tidal volume ?

A

amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath,

43
Q

The ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen uptake is termed the _ and ranges between _ of air per liter of oxygen consumed.

A

The ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen uptake is termed the ventilatory equivalent and ranges between 20 and 25L of air per liter of oxygen consumed.

44
Q

During low- to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, there is an increase in ventilation directly associated with both increased oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production. In this instance, the increase in ventilation is primarily due to increased _

A

During low- to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, there is an increase in ventilation directly associated with both increased oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production. In this instance, the increase in ventilation is primarily due to increased tidal volume.

45
Q

at what exercise intensity and max o2 uptake does breathing frequency take on a greater role?

A

In more intense exercise (generally above 45% to 65% of maximal oxygen uptake in untrained individuals and 70% to 90% in t rained athletes), breathing frequency takes on a greater role.

46
Q

what is the difference between the anatomical dead space and physiological dead space?

A
  • anatomical dead space = respiratory passages: the nose, mouth, trachea,
    bronchi, and bronchioles.
  • physiological dead space = alveoli in which poor blood flow, poor ventilation, or other problems with the alveolar surface impair gas exchange.
47
Q

Diffusion is the movement of _ and _ across a cell membrane and is a function of the _ of each gas and the resulting _ exerted by the molecular motion of each gas.

A

Diffusion is the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a cell membrane and is a function of the concentration of each gas and the resulting partial pressure exerted by the molecular motion of each gas.

48
Q

During aerobic exercise, large amounts of _ diffuse from the _ into the _;
increased levels of _ move from the _ into the _;
and _ increases to maintain appropriate alveolar concentrations of these gases.

A

During aerobic exercise, large amounts of oxygen diffuse from the capillaries into the
tissues;
increased levels of carbon dioxide move from the blood into the alveoli;
and minute ventilation increases to maintain appropriate alveolar concentrations of these gases.

49
Q

what is the distribution of tidal volume in a healthy athlete at rest? (alveolar air, anatomical and physiological dead spaces) in ml

A

The tidal volume comprises about 350 ml of room air that mixes with alveolar air,
about 150 ml of air in the larger passages (anatomical dead space),
and a small portion of air distributed to either poorly ventilated or incompletely filled alveoli (physiological dead space).

50
Q

Oxygen is carried in blood either dissolved in the _ or combined with _. (p120)

A

Oxygen is carried in blood either dissolved in the plasma or combined with hemoglobin

51
Q

why is there only about 3ml of oxygen that can be carried thru the plasma?

A

because oxygen is not readily soluble

52
Q

T OR F plasma contributes to the total pressure of oxygen in the blood and other body fluids

A

false, it’s partial pressure

53
Q

majority of oxygen in the blood is carried by what?

A

hemoglobin

54
Q

how much hemoglobin per 100ml of blood is carried by men and women?

A

15-16g men
14g women

55
Q

1 gram of hemoglobin can carry how much oxygen?

a) 1.44ml
b) 2.44ml
c) 1.34 ml
d) 1.35 ml

A

1.34 ml

56
Q

after co2 is formed in the cell, it easily diffuses across the cell membranes and is subsequently transported where?

A

to the lungs

57
Q

how much CO2 is carried by plasma?

A

similar to oxygen, only a limited quantity of co2 can be carried by plasma

about 5% of that produced during metabolism

58
Q

where is the greatest amount of co2 removal from? and in what form?

A

from combination with water and delivery to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3-)

59
Q

what is the initial step of co2 removal?

A

combination of co2 in solution with water in the RBCs to form carbonic acid

60
Q

is the reaction of co2 with water in RBCs to form carbonic acid slow or fast?

A

normally slow, but sped up with carbonic anhydrase

61
Q

once carbonic acid is formed, it is broken down to what ions?

A

hydrogen ions
bicarbonate ions

62
Q

With aerobic exercise, the amount of blood returning to the heart (also called venous return) is increased due to a combination of 3 things.
How does the respiratory pump work to contribute to this?

A

increased respiratory frequency and tidal volume

63
Q

With aerobic exercise, the amount of blood returning to the heart (also called venous return) is increased due to a combination of 3 things.
Venoconstriction is induced via increased _ activation.

A

venoconstriction (induced via increased sympathetic nervous system activation) (6),

64
Q

hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin because hemoglobin is a significant _ buffer

A

acid base buffer

65
Q

hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin which helps to _ the pH of the blood

  • increase
  • decrease
  • maintain
A

maintain

66
Q

With aerobic exercise, the amount of blood returning to the heart (also called venous return) is increased due to a combination of 3 things.
How does the skeletal muscle pump push more blood to the heart during exercise?

A

muscular contractions combine with one-way venous valves to “push” more blood to the heart during exercise [44]),

67
Q

which of the ff increases as a physiological adaptation to aerobic endurance training

Phosphofructokinase
Creatine phosphokinase
Myokinase
Sodium–potassium ATPase
Lactate dehydrogenase

A

Sodium–potassium ATPase - may slightly increase
CP
MK

68
Q

which of the ff increases as a result of aerobic training adaptation

Capillary density
Mitochondrial density
Myofibrillar Packing density
Myofibrillar Volume
Cytoplasmic density

A

Capillary density
Mitochondrial density

69
Q

how does fiber size change during aerobic training adaptation
-increase
-decrease
-no change

A

no change or slightly increases

70
Q

what metabolic energy stores increase from aerobic training adaptations?

A

ATP, Glyocgen, triglycerides, CP

71
Q

why does increased muscle fiber capillary density occur as an aerobic training adaptation and how is it useful ?

A

Increased muscle fiber capillary density has been observed in response to the increased density of muscle associated with aerobic endurance training and is a function of volume and intensity of training.

This increase in capillary density decreases the diffusion distance for oxygen and metabolic substrates

72
Q

how are tidal volume and breathing freuqency changes in maximal vs submaximal exercise in aerobic training?

A

maximal exercise: increased tidal volume and breathing frequency
submaximal activity: breathing frequency is often reduced and tidal volume is increased.

CSCS (6 decks)

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