Chapter 1 Flashcards by therese chua

Which of the ff substances regulate muscle action? potassium, calcium, troponin, tropomyodin

calcium

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what are the main roles of the CV system? 1. a) To transport nutrients and regulate temperature

b) To assist with hormonal balance and waste removal

c) To transport nutrients and remove waste

d) To facilitate gas exchange and fluid regulation

To transport nutrients and remove waste

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Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs? a) Left atriumb) Right atriumc) Right ventricled) Left ventricle

right ventricle

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What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves? a) Aortic and pulmonary valves b) Mitral and tricuspid valves c) Left and right atrial valves d) Sinoatrial and atrioventricular valves

mitral and tricuspid valves

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During which phase do the atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into the atria

ventricular contraction or systole

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Which structure is primarily responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide? a) Bronchioles b) Alveoli c) Trachea d) Lungs

alveoli

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What is the role of the diaphragm during breathing?
a) It constricts the trachea
b) It increases pressure in the lungs
c) It creates negative pressure for inhalation
d) It prevents backflow in veins

creates negative pressure for inhalation

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T or F The sinoatrial (SA) node is known as the heart’s intrinsic pacemaker.

true

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Veins contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of blood

true

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Blood vessels primarily function to transport nutrients only.

false

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The P-wave in an ECG represents atrial depolarization.

true

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process of expiration is passive

false

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Match the following terms to their correct descriptions:

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Pulmonary valve

a) Allow for nutrient and gas exchange

b) Carry blood away from the heart

c) Facilitate return of blood to the heart

d) Prevent backflow into the pulmonary arteries

arteries - carries blood away from heart
veins - returns blood to heatt
capillaries - allows nutrient and gas exchange
pulmonary valve - prevents backflow into the pulmonary arteries

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What is NOT a primary role of the cardiovascular system?
A) Transporting nutrients B) Removing waste products C) Producing red blood cells D) Regulating body temperature

producing RBCs

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Which of the following statements about the heart’s structure is false?
A) The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs. B) The left ventricle is responsible for supplying blood to the entire body. C) Each pump in the heart consists of one chamber. D) Atria deliver blood to the ventricles

Each pump in the heart consists of one chamber.

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What is the primary function of the tricuspid and mitral valves?
A) Allow blood to flow back into the atria during systole B) Prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction C) Control the flow of blood from the lungs to the heart D) Facilitate the flow of blood from the ventricles into the aorta

Prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction

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what occurs during the QRS complex of a typical ECG?

ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization

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Which statement about the arterial system is INCORRECT? A) Arteries carry blood away from the heart. B) Arterioles regulate blood flow to capillaries. C) Arteries have thin walls to accommodate high pressure. D) Capillaries are sites for gas and nutrient exchange.

arteries have thin walls

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In the process of gas exchange, which statement is true regarding the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide? A) Oxygen diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli. B) CO2 diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood. C) Oxygen moves from areas of high concentration to low concentration. D) The diffusion of gases requires energy input from the body.

Oxygen moves from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

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Which characteristic of veins is NOT accurate? A) They contain valves to prevent backflow. B) Venous walls are thick and muscular. C) They return blood to the heart. D) They can act as reservoirs for blood.

Venous walls are thick and muscular.

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At rest, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is about _ mmHg greater than that in the pulmonary capillaries.

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what is the main function of the muscular system?
a) blood circulation
b) body temp regulation
c) leverage, support, protection
d) nutrient absorption

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what is the main function of the muscular system?
a) blood circulation
b) body temp regulation
c) leverage, support, protection
d) nutrient absorption

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what does SA node do in the heart?
a) slows down HR by inhibiting impulses
b) main pacemaker, initiates electrical impulses
c) respnosible for rapid conduction of ventricles
d) receives blood from right atrium

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during normal respiration, what must happen to alveolar pressure to allow inspiration ? a) rise above atmospheric pressure b) equal to atmospheric pressure c) slightly below atmospheric pressure d) must remain. ondtant regardless of phase

slightly below

describe the interconnected pumps of the heart

heart has 2 interconnected pumps: -right side pumps blood to lungs, -left side pumps pumps blood to the rest of the body each pump has 2 chambers! atria and ventricles

describe the process of O2 and CO2 gas exchange (diffusion) in the alveoli

gas exchange in the alveoli occur thru diffusion, where -O2 moves from alveoli to pulmonary blood -CO2 moves from blood into alveoli to be exhaled

proccess of recruiting additional motor units to increase muscle force is called?

recruitment

what happens to actin filaments during muscular contraction based on sliding filament theory? a) they lengthen b) slide inward on myosin filaments c) detach from myosin d) form crossbridges with myosin

what enzyme catalyzes ATP breakfown during muscular contraction?

Myosin ATPase

how much movement does the ff allow.: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints

fibrous - no movement cartilaginous - limited synovial - considerable movement

SA node normally conducts heart rhytmiticity because its discharge rate is _ which is greater than _ and _

SA node’s discharge rate is about 60-80 times per min AV node (40-60 times per minute) ventricular fibers (15-40 times per min)

stimulation of _ nerves accelerates SA node depolarization, while _ nerves deccelerate it

sympathetic - accelerate parasympathetic - deccelerate

__ is A rigid or semirigid body that, when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass through its pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate

lever

facilitate exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolyres hormones another substances between the blood and interstitial fluids of various tissues of the body a) veins b) venules c) arterioles d) capillaries

capillaries

RBCs contain large ampunts of _ which catalyzes reaction between CO2 and water to facilitate CO2 removal a) hemoglobin b) carbonic anhydrase c) platelets d) oxygen dehydrogenase

carbonic anyhdrase

what is the % of blood distribution of a) arterioles and capillaries b) veins. venules. venous sinuses c) arteries d) pulmonary circulation e) heart

a) arterioles and capillaries - 7% b) veins. venules. venous sinuses - 64% c) arteries - 13% d) pulmonary circulation - 9% e) heart - 7%

ehat act as control centers through which blood enters the capillaries? a) artery b) vein c) arterioles d) venules

arterioles, which are also smaller branches of arteries

what pump is the assistance that contracting muscles provide to the circulatory system?

skeletal muscle pump

the muscle pump works with the _ system which contains _ valves to _ blood to the heart

venous system one way valves return

during skeletal muscle pump, contrqcting muscle compresses the _ but since blood can only flow in the direction of the valves, it _ to the heqrt

veins returns to the heart

the conduction system is composed of?

SA node, internodal pathways AV node, AV bundle, left bundle branch and right bundle branch, which is further divided into the Purkinje fibers

in the conduction system, where is the impulse delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles?

AV node

where is the SA node located? lower lateral wall of left atrium upper lateral wall of right ventricle lower lateral wall of left ventricle lower lateral wall of right atrium

lower lateral wall of right atrium

what conducts impulse from SA to AV node?

internodal pathways

where is the AV node located? posterior septal wall of right atrium anterior septal wall of right ventricle anterior septal wall of right atrium posterior septal wall of left ventricle

posterior septal wall of right atrium

what is the discharge rate of AV node?

40-60 times per minute

what is the discharge rate of ventricular fibers?

15-40 times per min

what is the discharge rate of ventricular fibers?

15-40 times per min

which has the highest % blood distribution? a) arterioles and capillaries b) veins. venules. venous sinuses c) arteries d) pulmonary circulation e) heart

b) veins. venules. venous sinuses - 64%

which has the highest % blood distribution? a) arterioles and capillaries b) veins. venules. venous sinuses c) arteries d) pulmonary circulation e) heart

b) veins. venules. venous sinuses - 64%

which has the lowest % blood distribution? a) arterioles and capillaries b) veins. venules. venous sinuses c) arteries d) pulmonary circulation e) heart

a) arterioles and capillaries - 7% e) heart - 7%

AKA muscle cells that are long, cylindrical cells 50 to 100 um in diameter a) motor unit b) muscle fiber c) skeletal muscle d) motor neuron

muscle fiber

how many bones are there in the body?

206

what are the components of the axial skeleton

skull (cranium) vertebral column (C1 to coccyx) ribs sternum

components of the appendicular skeleton

shoulder girdle bones of the arms, wrists, and hands pelvic girdle bones of the legs, ankles, and feet

junction of bones are called a) tendon b) tendinous unit c) cartilage d) joint

joint

articulating bones are covered in smooth _ and the entire joint is enclosed in a capsule filled with _

hyaline cartilage synovial fluid

fibrous connective tissue that covers the body’s more than 430 skeletal muscles a) epimysium b) fasciculi c) perimyisum d) endomyisum

epimysium

the ctyoplasm of the muscle fiber that contains contractile components condisting of protrin filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen and fat particles, enzymes, and specialized organelles such as mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum a) sarcolemma b) perimysium c) nucleus d) sarcoplasm

sarcoplasm

muscle fibers are grouped in bundles. (fasciculi) that may consist up to _ fibers, with the bundles surrounded by connective tissue called _

150, perimysium

each muscle fiber is surrounded by connective tissue called _ which is encircled by and is contiguous with the fiber’s membrane or _

endomysium sarcolemma

T or F: all connective tissue is not contiguous with the tendon, so tension developed in the muscle cell is transmitted to the tendon and the bone to which it is attached

F because all connective tissue is contiguous with the tendon ^so tension developed in the muscle cell is transmitted to the tendon and the bone to which it is attached

how many actin filaments surround 1 myosin filament?

how many myosin filaments surround 1 actin filament?

this light band corresponds with the areas in 2 adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments a) M line b) A band c) I band d) Z line

i band

myofobrils contain the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell, which consists mainly 2 types which are?

actin and myosin filaments

about how many nm diameters are actin and myosin filaments ?

actin - 6nm myosin - 16nm

about how many nm diameters are actin and myosin filaments ?

actin - 6nm myosin - 16nm

myosin and actin filaments are organized longitudinally in the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle which is the a) motor unit b) muscle fiber c) sarcolemma d) sarcomere

sarcomere

T or F a pair of actin filaments form a crossbridge which interacts with myosin

F , it”s a pair of MYOSIN filaments that form a crossbridge that interacts with actin

adjacent myosin filaments anchor to each other at _ in the H zone a) center of sarcomere b) I band c) Z line d) M bridge

M bridge

what is the center of the sarcomere? a) H zone b) I band c) Z line d) M bridge

H zone

actin filaments are aligned at both ends of the sarcomere and are anchored at the _ a) H zone b) I band c) Z line d)A band

Z line

which bands corresponds with the alignment of a) myosin b) actin

a) myosin - A band b) actin - I band

during muscle contraction, what decreases as the actin slides over the myosin toeards the center of the sarcomere? a) H zone b) I band c) Z line d) A band

H zone and I band

parallel to and surrounding each myofibril is an intrinsic system of tubules called the _ a) T tubules b) sarcoplasmic reticulum c) transverse tubules d) mitochondria

sarcoplasmic reticulum

the sarcoplasmic reticulum terminates as vesicles in the vicinity of a) H zone b) I band c) Z line d) M bridge

z line

T or F i. T tubules run between outluing myofibrils and are contiguous with sarcolemma at the surface of the cell ii. discharge of an action potential arrives nearly simultaneously from the surface to all depths of the muscle fiber iii. sodium is thus released throughout the muscle, producing a coordinated contraction only i is T; only ii is T; only iii is T i and ii are T ; i and iii are T ; ii and iii are T all are F ; all are T

i and ii are T discharge of an action potential from a motor nerve signales release of Ca from SR into myofibril, causing tension development in a muscle

the action of _ pulling on the actin filaments is responsible for the movement of actin filament

myosin crossbridge

the action of _ pulling on the actin filaments is responsible for the movement of actin filament

myosin crossbridge

how much displacement of the actin filament occurs sith each flexion of myosin crossbridge? a) large b) medium c) small d) very small

very small ^ which is why very rapid and repeated flexion must occur in many crossbridges thru out entire muscle for measurable movement to occur

what are the phases of the slidinf filament theory of contraction?

resting phase excitation contraction coupling phase contraction phase recharge phase relaxation phase

in normal resting conditions at the resting phase, myosin and actin have a weak bond, and only becomes strong when a) action potential occurs at the myosin filament b) ATP is delivered to the myofibril c) actin binding site is exposed after release of stored calcium

c) actin binding site is exposed after release of stored calcium

during the resting phase, where is calcium stored?

mostly in SR, and little in myofibril

It is the phase of the sliding filament theory wherein the SR is stimulated to release calcium ions

excitation contraction coupling phase

the calcium released from SR bounds to _, a protein found at regular intervals along the actin filament a) thyroxine b) troponin c) contractile proteins d) tropomyosin

troponin

T or F: troponin has a high affinity for calcium

What are the semilunar (SA valves? a) Aortic and pulmonary valves b) Mitral and tricuspid valves c) Left and right atrial valves d) Sinoatrial and atrioventricular valves

aortic and pulmonary valves

when calcium binds with troponin, this causes a shift in another protein molecule which is?

tropomyosin

what dictates the force production of a muscle? a) amount of crossbridges formed between actin and myosin b) distance between Z lines c) amount of calcium in the filaments

amount of cross bridges formed between actin and myosin

where does the energy for pulling action or power stroke come from?

hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate, which is catalyzed by myosin ATPase

what must occur for head to detach from active actin site and return to its original position?

another ATP must replace thr ADP on the myosin crossbridge globular head

during recharge phase, measurable muscle shortening only occurs when what events occur repeatedly throughout the muscle fiber?

binding of calcium to troponin coupling of myosin crossbridge with actin power stroke dissociation of actin and myosin resetting of myosin head position

this is the phase of the sliding filament theory when the stimulation of the motor nerve stops

relaxation phase

this is the phase that myosin crossbridge attaches to actin filament

excitation contraction coupling phase

this is the phase that the energy for pulling action or power stroke occurs

contraction phase

this state is brought about by the return of actin and myosin filaments to their unbound state

relaxation phase

what is the all or none principle?

all muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the sane time. a stronger action potential cannot make a stronger contraction

this is when a brief contraction from an action potential traveling down a motor neuron results in a short period of activation of the muscle fibers

twitch

activation of _ results in calcium release within the fiber, and contraction proceeds a) sarcolemma b) sarcoplasmic reticulum c) cytosol d) mitochondria

sarcolemma

what is tetanus

when the time interval between twitches is very minimal that these begin to merge and eventually completely fuse it is the max force the motor unit can develop

specialized sensory receptors found within thr joints, muscles and tendons

proprioceptors

proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers, which are intrafusal fibers, enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue

muscle spindles

proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers, which are intrafusal fibers, enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue

muscle spindles

type 1 and type 2 fiber in sports events (high/low): soccer, lacrosse, hockey

both high

type 1 and type 2 fiber in sports events (high/low): soccer, lacrosse, hockey

both high

type 1 and type 2 fiber in sports events (high/low): american football wide receiver, american football linemen

type 1 low, type 2 high

type 1 and type 2 fiber in sports events (high/low): downhill or slalom skiing

both high

type 1 and type 2 fiber in sports events (high/low): downhill or slalom skiing

both high

type 1 and type 2 fiber in sports events (high/low): basketball , team handball , volleyball

type 1 low type 2 high

type 1 and type 2 fiber in sports events (high/low): boxing, wrestling

both high

type 1 and type 2 fiber in sports events (high/low): boxing, wrestling

both high

type 1 and type 2 fiber in sports events (high/low): tennis

both high

T or F complete activation of the available motor neuron pool is possible among untrained people

F, it is probably not possible

it provides info about muscle length and rate of change in length

muscle spindles

how is the knee jerk reflex an example of muscle spindle activity?

tapping on the tendon of the knee extensor below the patrlla stretches the muscle fibers which activates the extrafusal muscle fibers in the same muscle. a knee jerk occurs as these fibers actively shorten. this thrn shortens the intrrafusal fibers and causes their discharge to cease

proprioceptors found in tendons near the myotendinuous junction and ae in series, that is attached end to end, with extrafusal muscle fibers

golgi tendon organs

T or F GTO is activated when the tendon attached to an activated muscle is shortened

stretched

describe how is GTO activated

when high tension / load is on the muscle, GTO discharge occurs -> GTO sensory neuron activstes an interneuron at the spinal cord -> this synapses with and inhibits the motor neuron of the same muscle

one of the possible fundamental adaptations of heavy resistance training is the ability of _ to overrice the GTO inhibition a) muscle fiber b) motor neuron c) motor unit d) motor cortex

motor cortex

what prevents backflow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries in the ventricules during diastole (ventricular relaxation)? a) SA valves b) AV valves

SA (semilunar) valves

it is the reversal of membrane electric potential during the ECG

depolarization