Chapter 3 bioenergetics Flashcards by therese chua

hydrolysis of atp for cross bridge recycling is catalyzed by what enzyme?

Myosin ATPase

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_ catalyzes pumping Ca to SR, and _ maintains sarcolemmal concentration gradient after deploarization

calcium ATPase, sodium-potassium ATPase

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AKA flow of energy in a biological system and concerns mainly the conversion of macronutrients to biologically usable forms of energy

bioenergetics

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energy releasing reactions that are generally catabolic

exergonic reactions

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what are the 3 basic energy systems used to replenish ATP in mammalian muscle cells?

phosphagen system, glycolysis, oxidative system

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what is the chemical structure of ATP?

adenosine and a triphosphate (3 phosphate) group

adenosine is the combination of adenine (nitrogen containing base) and ribose (5 carbon sugar)

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phosphagen and glycolytic systems are anaerobic mechanisms that occur in the _

sarcoplasm (of a muscle cell)

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what are the aerobic mechanisms that occur in the mitochondria?

krebs cycle, oxidative system, electron transport chain

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which of the macronutrients can be metabolixed for energy without direct involvement of oxygen?

carbs

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_ is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP

creatine kinase

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give the equation that depicts the reactants, the enzyme, and the products during ATP hydrolysis

ATP + H2O <-ATPase-> ADP + Pi + H+ + Energy

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give the equation that depicts the enzyme creatine kinase, its reactants, and its products

ADP + CP <-creatine kinase-> ATP + PC

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give the equation that depicts the adenylate kinase (myokinase) enzyme, its reactants, and its products

2ADP <-Adenylate kinase-> ATP + AMP

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T or F: phosphagen system relies on ATP hydrolysis

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_ supplies a phosphate group that combines with ADP to form ATP

creatine phosphate (CP) AKA phosphocreatine (PCr)

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CP is stored in _ amounts

small

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body stores approximately _ g of ATP at any given time, which is _ for exercise

80-100 , not enough

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what single enzyme reaction uses 2ADP to make ATP + AMP?

Adenylate kinase (also called myokinase) reaction

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T or F: AMP is not a powerful stimulator of glycolysis

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up to how much % can ATP decrease during exercise?

50-60%

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why do those with type 2 fibers replenish ATP faster than type 1 via phosphagen system?

type 2 has more CP

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what allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions?

ATP

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the breakdown of 1 ATP molecule to yield energy is known as hydrolysis because?

it requires one molecule of water

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ATP hydrolyisis is catalyzed by what during
a) cross bridge recycling
b) pumping calcium to sarcoplasmic reticulum
c) maintaining sarcolemmal concentratipn gradient after depolarization

a) myosin ATPase
b) calcium ATPase
c)sodium-potassium ATPase

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further hydrolysis of ADP cleaves _ and yields _

2nd phosphate grp, AMP

ATP is classified as a _ energy molecule since it stores _ amounts of energy in the chemical bonds of 2 phosphate groups

high; large

ATP is classified as a _ energy molecule since it stores _ amounts of energy in the chemical bonds of 2 phosphate groups

high; large

describe the law of mass action or the mass action effect

concentrations of reactants or products (or both) in the solution will drive the direction of the reactions

T or F: ATPase, adenylate kinase, and creatine kinase are near equilibrium reactions that proceed in the direction dictated by the reactants’ concentrations due to the law of mass action

glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrate either _ stored in the muscle or _ delivered in the blood to resynthesize ATP

glycogen, glucose

end product of glycolysis

pyruvate

pyruvate may proceed where? | converted to _ in _ during anaerobic glycolyis shuttled to _ in krebs

- converted to lactate in sarcoplasm (anaerobic or fast glycolysis) - shuttled into mitochondria (krebs cycle)

when pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate via rid regeneration of _ but is limited in duration due to subsequent _ production resulting decrease in cytostolic _

NAD+, H+, pH

when pyruvate undergoes krebs cycle, ATP resynthesis is slower or faster?

slower - due to numerous reactions

krebs cycle is also referred to as?

aerobic or slow glycolysis

at higher intensities, pyruvate and NADH will rise above what can be handled by the _ and will then be converted to _ and _

pyruvate dehydrogenase lactate, NAD+

pyruvate goes to where when energy demand is - high - not as high and enuf O2 is present

high: converted to lactate for further support at the anaerobic glycolysis not as high and enuf O2 is present: further oxidized in the mitochondria

formation of lactate from pyruvate is catalyed by the enzyme called a) pyruvate dehydrogenase b) lactate dehydrogenase c) myosin dehydrogenase

lactate dehydrogenase

T or F: lactic acid is the product of lactate dehydrogenase

F, because Lactate is

process of exercise induced decreases in pH is called

metabolic acidosis

often used as an energy substrate especially in type 1 and cardiac muscle fibers a) lactic acid b) pyruvate c) lactate d) glycerol

lactate

accumulation of what causes reduced intracellular pH, inhibits glycolytic reactions, and directly interferes with muscle’s excitation contraction coupling?

Proton (H+ )

lactate is used in the ff a)glycogenolysis b)gluconeogenesis c)glycolysis

b and c

_ is the formation of glucose from non carb sources during extended exercise and rcovery

gluconeogenesis

at rest, normal reported lactate concentration in blood is

0.5 to 2.2 mmol/kg of wet muscle

total energy yield from oxidation of 1 glucose molecule for SLOW glycolysis -substrate level phosphorylation -oxidative phosphorylation 2NADH (3 ATP each)

total for SLOW glycolysis: 10 -substrate level phosphorylation: 4 -oxidative phosphorylation 2NADH (3 ATP each): 6

total energy yield from oxidation of 1 glucose molecule for KREBS cycle (2 rotations through the krebs cycle per glucose) -substrate level phosphorylation: -oxidative phosphorylation - 8NADH (3 ATP each) -via GTP - 2 FADH2 (2ATP each)

KREBS cycle (2 rotations through the krebs cycle per glucose): 40 (but net is 38 since glycolysis consumes 2ATP if starting with blood glucose) -substrate level phosphorylation: 2 -oxidative phosphorylation: 24 -via GTP: 4

severe fatigue may occur at blood lactate concentrations of?

20 to 25 mmol/L and even greater than 30 following multiple bouts of dynamic exercise

blood lactate concentrations reflect the net balance of lactate prod and clearance as a result of _ buffering

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

T or F: bicarbonate (HCO3-) minimizes the disrtipn of the influence of the H+ on pH by accepting the proton (HCOO2)

F because it’s by accepting the proton H2CO3

give 3 ways lactate can be cleared or used

1) by oxidation within the muscle fiber it was made 2) transported in the blood to other muscle fibers 3) cori cycle: transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to glucose

T or F: heavy activity post exercise period has been shown to increase lactate clearance ratez

F, it should be light activity or active recovery

where is blood lactate accumulation greater? a) high intensity intermittent exercise b) low intensity continuous exercise

T or F phosphoglycerate kinase reaction of glycolysis causes no proton dissociation from lactate which is why lactic acid does not cause metabolic acidosis

total energy yield from oxidation of 1 glucose molecule for KREBS cycle (2 rotations through the krebs cycle per glucose) at oxidative phosphorylation

24 via 8NADH that yields 3ATP each

total energy yield from oxidation of 1 glucose molecule for KREBS cycle (2 rotations through the krebs cycle per glucose) at GTP

4 via 2 FADH2 (2ATP each)

total energy yield from oxidation of 1 glucose molecule for KREBS cycle (2 rotations through the krebs cycle per glucose) at GTP

4 via 2 FADH2 (2ATP each)

if enough oxygen is present in the mitochondria, the end product of glycolysis (pyruvate) is transported there together with a) 2 NADH b) 2 FADH c) 3 NADH d) 3 FADH

2 NADH

when pyruvate enters the mitochondria, it is converted to a) pyruvate dehydrogenase b) lactate c) fructokinase d) acetyl CoA

converted to acetyl CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase

net reaction for glycolysis when puruvate is shuttled to the mitochondria may be summarized as a) pyruvate + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ -> + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O b) glucose + 1Pi + 1ADP + 2NAD+ -> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 1NADH + 2H2O c) glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ -> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O d) glucose + 2H2O+ 2ADP + 2NAD+ -> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2Pi

glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ -> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O

energy yield glycolysis: what are the 2 main mechanisms for ATP resynthesis during metabolism?

substrate level phosphorylation oxidative level phosphorylation

this refers to the resynthesis of ATP in the ETC

oxidative phosphorylation

this refers to the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways

substrate level phosphorylation

acetyl CoA combines with a 4 carbon molecule called _ to form a 6 carbon molecule called _

4 carbon molecule called oxaloacetate 6 carbon molecule called citrate

what is the gross number of ATP made by substrate level phosphorylation? why is its net ATP less?

gross number is 4 net ATP is less because the reaction that converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate catalyzed by PFK (phosphofructokinase) in glycolysis needs the hydrolysis of 1 ATP

there are 2 possible sources of glucose which are? *

blood glucose and muscle glycogen

T OR F when blood glycose enters the muscle cell, it does not need to be phosphorylated

F , it must be phosphorylated to remain in the cell and to maintain the glucose concentration gradient

phosphorylation of 1 blood glucose is catalyzed by a) glycogen phosphorylase b) phosphofructokinase c) hexokinase d) pyurvate kinase

hexokinase

T OR F when muscle glycogen is broken down, it does not need the hydrolysis of ATP

T because its already phosphorylated

muscle glycogen is broken down with the help of the enzyme a) glycogen phosphorylase b) phosphofructokinase c) hexokinase d) pyurvate kinase

glycogen phosphorylase

what is the net ATP for a) 1 blood glucose b) 1 muscle glycogen

a) 2 net ATP (since 4 is made and 2 is used) b) 3 net ATP (since 4 is made and 1 is used)

rate of glycolysis is stimulated to increase during intense muscle actions by high concentrations of _ , _ and _ and by a slight decrease in _ and _ .

high concentrations of ADP, P , ammonia slight decrease in pH and AMP

T OR F rate of glycolysis is stimulated to increase when there are signs of increased ATP hydrolysis and need for energy

glycolysis regulation is influenced by the concentrations and turnover rates of what 3 glycolytic enzymes?

hexokinase PFK pyruvate kinase

T OR F: hexokinase, PFK, pyruvate kinase are regulatory enzymes in glycolysis because each has allosteric binding sites

refers to when end product of reaction (or series of reactions) FEEDS BACK to REGULATE the turnover rate of key enzymes in the metabolic pathways

allosteric regulation, AKA end product regulation or feedback regulation

refers to when end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and DECREASES its turnover rate and SLOWS product formation

allosteric inhibition

when an "ACTIVATOR" binds with the enzyme and INCREASES its turnover rate

allosteric activation

what is the difference between allosteric inhibition and allosteric activation in terms of turnover rate?

allosteric inhibition decreases turnover rate allosteric activation increases turnover rate

what catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phospphate a) pyruvate kinase b) pyruvate dehydrogenase c) hexokinase d) PFK

hexokinase

hexokinase is allosterically inhibited by what?

glucose-6-phosphate ^thus the higher the glucose-6-phospphate, the more hexokinase will be inhibited

what is the rate limiting step of glycolysis? a) pyruvate kinase b) pyruvate dehydrogenase c) hexokinase d) PFK

PFK - thus it's the most important regulator of glycolysis

what is the allosteric inhibitor and allosteric activator of PFK ? a) ATP, ADP b) ADP, AMP c) AMP, Ca d) ATP, AMP

inhibitor - ATP activator - AMP (powerful stimulator of glycolysis)

this is the final regulatory enzyme a) pyruvate kinase b) pyruvate dehydrogenase c) hexokinase d) PFK

pyruvate kinase

pyruvate kinase catalyzes the conversion of _ to _

phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

pyruvate kinase is allosterically inhibited by _ and _, and activated by high concentrations of _ and _

inhibited - ATP and acetyl CoA activated - AMP and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

this is referred as the relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above baseline concentration a) onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) b) lactate threshold c) oxygen deficit d) post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

lactate threshold

the following are needed for the net reaction for glycolysis when puruvate is shuttled to the mitochondria. arranged them and indicate the proper amount to form the equation | glucose, H2O, ADP, NAD+, NADH, ATP, pyruvate

glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O

T OR F: Lactate threshold typically begins at 50-60% submaximal oxygen uptake and 70-80% in aerobically trained athletes

F, should be maximal oxygen uptake

second increase in rate of lactate accumulation, AKA OBLA, has been noted at _ intensities a) low b) moderate c) high

high

OBLA (onset blood lactate accumulation) occurs when concentration of blood lactate reaches _ mmol/L a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7

the breaks in lactate accumulation curve may correspond to the points at which _ are recruited during increasing exercise intensities a) small and large motor units b) intermediate and large motor units c) small and intermediate motor units d) small motor units e) large motor units

intermediate and large motor units

training at intensities near or above the LT or OBLA pushes both to the a) right b) left c) ceiling d) floor

right

The shift when training at intensities near or above the LT or OBLA probably occurs as a result of changes in hormone release, particularly reduced _ release at high exercise intensities and increased _ that allows more ATP production in aerobic mechanism

reduced CATECHOLAMINES at high intensity increased MITOCHONDRIAL CONTENT that allows more ATP prod in aerobic mechanism

the shift of LT and OBLA allows one to do higher % of _ without as much _ in the blood

maximal oxygen uptake lactate accumulation

this is the primary energy system to make ATP at rest and during low intensity activities

oxidative (aerobic) system

use of protein significantly increases during long term starvation and long bouts around how many minutes of exercise? a) more than 60 minutes b) more than 90 minutes c) more than 120 minutes d) more than 150 minutes

more than 90 minutes

what are the main macronutrient substrates of oxidative system?

CHO and fats

oxidative metabolism of blood glucose and muscle glycogen begins with a) gluconeogenesis b) glycolysis c) krebs cycle d) ETC

glycolysis

what are the 2 steps that result in substrate level phosphorylation of ADP to ATP? a) pyruvate + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ -> + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O b) 1,2 bisphosphoglycerate + ADP + Pi --phosphoglycerate kinase-> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP c) 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate + ADP + Pi --phosphoglycerate kinase-> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP d) phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + Pi -pyruvate kinase-> pyruvate + ATP e) 1,3 phosphoenolpyruvate + AMP -phosphoglycerate kinase-> 3 phosphoglycerate + ATP c) 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate + ADP + Pi --pyruvate kinase-> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP + Pi -phosphoglycerate kinase-> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + Pi -pyruvate kinase-> pyruvate + ATP

phosphorylation of 1 blood glucose is catalyzed by a) PFK b) phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase c) hexokinase d) glycogen phosphorylase

hexokinase

PFK converts what? a) fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate b) glucose 6 phosphate to 1,6 fructose bisphosphate c) fructophosphate 1,6 to 1,6 bisphosphate

fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

The following contain reactants and products of the 2 steps that result in substrate level phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Arrange them to form the 2 equations 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, ADP, pyruvate kinase, PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate), 3-phosphoglycerate, ATP, phosphoglycerate kinase, Pi, pyruvate

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP + Pi -phosphoglycerate kinase-> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + Pi -pyruvate kinase-> pyruvate + ATP

It is a series of reactions that continues the oxidation of the substrate from glycolyisis and makes 2 ATP indirectly from GTP (Guanine Triphosphate) via substrate level phosphorylation for each molecule of glucose

Krebs Cycle

also made from 2 pyruvate subsequent to the production of 1 glucose are 6 _ and 2 reduced _ | both transport hydrogen atoms to the ETC to be used to make ATP from ADP

NADH FADH2

This uses the NADH & FADH2 molecules to rephosphorylate ADP to ADP

ETC

During ETC, what are hydrogen atoms for?

hydrogen atoms are passed down the chain (a series of electron carriers known as cytochromes) to form a proton concentration gradient which gives the energy for ATP production

what is oxygen for in ETC?

it is the final electron acceptor, results in water formation

triglycerides can be broken down to make _ and _

free fatty acids and glycerol

which accounts for 90% of ATP synthesis, substrate or oxidative phosphorylation?

oxidative phosphorylation

this is a series of reactions in which FFAs are broken down, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and hydrogen atoms

beta oxidation

Once beta oxidation results in the formation of acetyl CoA and hydrogen protons, where do these go?

- acetyl CoA enters krebs cycle directly, - while hydrogen atoms are carried by NADH & FADH2 to ETC

what is the rate limiting step in krebs cycle?

conversion of isocitrate to alpha -ketoglutarate

conversion of isocitrate to alpha -ketoglutarate is catalyzed by what enzyme?

isocitrate dehydrogenase

isocitrate dehydrogenase is stimulated by _ and allosterically inhibited by _

stimulated by ADP allosterically inhibited by ATP

T OR F NADH or FADH also influence Krebs Cycle regulation

T, since enough NAD+ & FAD2+ is needed to accept hydrogen for krebs cycle

T OR F GTP accumulation activates the Krebs Cycle

F, it increases succinyl CoA concentration which inhibits the Krebs' Cycle initial reaction (oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA -> citrate + CoA)

what energy system/s are at work in the ff 6 - 30s 2 - 3 min

6 - 30s - phosphagen and fast/anaerobic glycolysis 2 - 3 min fast / anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative system

amino acids may contribute up to how much % of the energy requirements during prolonged activity? a) 5 to 12% b) 10 to 20% c) 8 to 13% d) 7 to 16%

8 to 13%

the major amino acids oxidized in the skeletal muscle are believed to be _

branched chain amino acids

how can protein help produce ATP?

can be converted into the ff - glucose via gluconeogenesis - pyruvate - various intermediates in the krebs cycle

how are nitrogenous waste produces of amino acid degradation eliminated?

via urea formation and small amounts of ammonia

identify which are the branched chain amino acids alanine, leucine, isoleucine, aspartate, glutamate, valine

leucine, isoleucine, valine

T or F ammonia is toxic and is associated with fatigue

what energy system is active during 30s to 2 min

fast glycolysis

what energy system is capable of getting the highest rate of ATP production

phosphagen system

what energy system has the greatest capacity of ATP production

fat oxidation

T or F energy substrates can be selectively depleted during performance of activities

fatigue experienced during many activities is frequently associated with depletion of _ and _

phosphagens and glycogen

by how much % can creatine phosphate decrease during the 1st stage of high intensity exercise of short and moderate duration (5 to 30s)

50 to 70%

The intramuscular ATP concentration is largely sustained during exercise via -consequence of _ depletion -contribution of additional ATP from _ -_ of other energy sources

as a consequence of CP depletion contribution of additional ATP from the myokinase reaction and oxidation of other energy sources,

how long is complete resynthesis of ATP and CP?

ATP - 3-5 min CP - 8 min

how long is complete resynthesis of ATP and CP?

ATP - 3-5 min CP - 8 min

Repletion of phosphagens is largely accomplished as a result of anaerobic metabolism

F it’s aerobic metabolism although glycolysis can contribute to recovery after high-intensity exercise

at what intensity is muscle glycogen a more important energy source than liver & vice versa?

muscle - moderate to high liver - low

at what intensity is muscle glycogen a more important energy source than liver & vice versa?

muscle - moderate to high liver - low

about how much glycogen is stored in body's total muscle, and about how much is stored in the liver?

muscle - 300-400g liver - 70-100g

increases in relative exercise intensity of 50,75, and 100% of max o2 uptake results in increases in the rate of

muscle glycogenolysis

increases in relative exercise intensity of 50,75, and 100% of max o2 uptake results in increases in the rate of muscle glycogenolysis by how much respectively?

0.7, 1.4, 3.4 mmol x kg^-1 x min^-1 respectively

at relative exercise intensities above 60% max o2 uptake, what becomes an increasingly important energy substrate?

glycogen the entire glycogen content of some muscle cells can become depleted during exercise

how is blood glucose concentration maintained during less than 90 minutes of very low exercise intensities?

due to low muscle glucose uptake

at what % max o2 uptake is blood glucose concentration maintained?

below 50% = very low exercise intensity

as duration increases beyond 90 minutes, blood glucose concentrations fall, but rarely below _

2.8 mmol/L

why does long term exercise (over 90 minutes) of above 50% max o2 uptake may result in decreased blood glucose concentrations?

from liver glycogen depletion

T or F Hyperglycemic reactions may occur in some people with exercise induced blood glucose values of less than 2.5 mmol/L

F, it's hypoglycemic

decline in blood glucose around _ to _ results from reduced liver CHO stores & causes decreased __ and eventual exhaustion

2.5 to 3 mmol/L CHO oxidation

T or F, muscle glycogen may become the limiting factor for resistance training with many total sets and larger amounts of work

T or F repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to post exercise CHO ingestion.

Repletion of muscle glyocgen appears to be optimal if__ of CHO per kg of weight is ingested every 2 hours ff exercise

0.7 to 3g

T or F muscle glyocgen may be completely replenished within 36 hrs provided that sufficient CHO is ingested

F it's 24

children are better able to meet anaerobic system demands during low intensity exercise

F it's oxidative

do kids or adults have more CP breakdown during 1st exercise bout?

kids

do kids or adults have less CP at end and recovery period?

adults

T or F kids have higher muscle pH at end of exercise

T OR F glycogen depletion can be a limiting factor only for repeated high intensity exercises supported mainly by anaerobic mechanisms

F, can also be a limiting factor for long duration, low intensity exercise supported mainly by aerobic mechanisms

T OR F intracellular inorganic phosphate and ammonia accumulation affect the development of muscle fatigue

T OR F increased ADP and Ca release from SR affect the development of muscle fatigue

it is the anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise, occuring at the start of an exercise bout

oxygen deficit

why is oxygen deficit needed?

energy must be supplied thru anaerobic mechanisms because the aerobic system responds slowly to the initial increase in energy demand

it is the oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to pre exercise condition

EPOC, oxygen debt, post exercise oxygen uptake

it is the measure of a person's ability to take in oxygen via respiratory system and deliver it to working tissues via CV system, and ability of working tissues to use oxygen

oxygen uptake or consumption

T OR F oxygen deficit may not influence the size of EPOC and are not equal

F, oxygen deficit MAY influence the size of EPOC but both are not equal

what is the most probable limiting factor of a marathon among the ff? -ATP & CP -muscle glycogen -liver glycolysis -fat stores -lower pH

muscle glycogen

_ mechanism provide much of the energy for work if the exercise intensity is above the max o2 uptake that a person can attain

anaerobic

what has the greatest effect on EPOC?

intensity

the greatest EPOC values are found during what exercise intensity and duration?

the greatest EPOC values are found when both exercise intensity (>50-60% VO2 Max) and durations (> 40 min) are HIGH

what can induce greatest EPOC with lower total work?

doing brief, intermittent bouts of supramaximal exercise (>100% VO2 Max)

what is the most probable to least probable limiting factor of a marathon among the ff? (5 being most probable, 1 being least probable) -ATP & CP -muscle glycogen -liver glycolysis -fat stores -lower pH

muscle glycogen -ATP & CP: 1 -muscle glycogen: 5 -liver glycolysis: 4-5 -fat stores: 2-3 -lower pH: 1

what is the least probable limiting factor of a marathon among the ff? -ATP & CP -muscle glycogen -liver glycolysis -fat stores -lower pH

ATP & CP, lower pH

from a scale of 1-5, with 1 being the least probable and 5 being the most probable, what is the limiting factor of the ff in a marathon? -liver glycolysis -fat stores

-liver glycolysis: 4-5 -fat stores: 2-3

what is the least probable limiting factor of a triathlon among the ff? -ATP & CP -muscle glycogen -liver glycolysis -fat stores -lower pH

ATP & CP, Fat stores, lower pH

what is the most probable limiting factor of a triathlon among the ff? -ATP & CP -muscle glycogen -liver glycolysis -fat stores -lower pH

muscle glycogen

rate how probable (5 is most and 1 is least probable) of a limiting factor is the ff for a triathlon? -ATP & CP -muscle glycogen -liver glycolysis -fat stores -lower pH

-ATP & CP: 1-2 -muscle glycogen: 5 -liver glycolysis: 4-5 -fat stores: 1-2 -lower pH: 1-2

when do peak blood lactate concentrations occur

5 min after cessation of exercise

what is the most probable limiting factor of a 5000m among the ff? -ATP & CP -muscle glycogen -liver glycolysis -fat stores -lower pH

muscle glycogen

what is the least probable limiting factor of a 5000m among the ff? -ATP & CP -muscle glycogen -liver glycolysis -fat stores -lower pH

lower pH

the following factors are responsible for EPOC Replenishment of _ in blood and muscle _/_ resynthesis increased _, _, and _ increased _ turnover changes in _ efficiency during recovery

Replenishment of O2 in blood and muscle ATP/CP resynthesis increased body temp, circulation and ventilation increased protein turnover changes in energy efficiency during recovery

what is the % contribution of the ff during 200s maximal sustained efforts in bicycle ergometry? anaerobic aerobic

anaerobic - 22 aerobic - 78

what is the % contribution of the ff during 0-5s maximal sustained efforts in bicycle ergometry? anaerobic aerobic

exercise intensity - 100% anaerobic - 96 aerobic - 4

what is the % contribution of the ff during 30s maximal sustained efforts in bicycle ergometry? Exercise intensity (% of max power output) anaerobic aerobic

Exercise intensity - 55% anaerobic - 75 aerobic - 25

what is the % contribution of the ff during 90s maximal sustained efforts in bicycle ergometry? Exercise intensity (% of max power output) anaerobic aerobic

Exercise intensity - 31% anaerobic - 35 aerobic - 65

method that emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for a more efficient energy transfer within metabolic pathways by using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest periods

interval training

theoretically, properly spaced work to rest intervals allows what?

more work to be done at higher exercise intensities with the same or less fatigue than during continuous training at the sam relative intensity

T or F much less training can be done at higher intensities with interval training

F, much more can be done at higher intensities

involves brief repeated bouts of high intensity exercise with intermittent recovery period

HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training)

typically incorporates either running or cycling based modes of exercise and is an efficient exercise regimen for eliciting cardiopulmonary and metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations

HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training)

What must be done to optimize HIIT training adaptations for athletes? | hint: it has something to do with VO2 max

it should maximize the time spent at or near VO2 max - more specifically, the active portions of the duty cycles should equate to several minutes above 90% VO2 Max

T OR F HIIT provides a stimulus for both oxidative muscle fiber adaptation and myocardial hypertrophy

at 90 to 100% power, identify the ff - primary system stressed - typical exercise time - range of W:R

Phosphagen 5-10s 1:12 to 1:20

at 75 to 90% power, identify the ff - primary system stressed - typical exercise time - range of W:R

fast glycolysis 15-30s 1:3 to 1:5

at 20 to 30% power, identify the ff - primary system stressed - typical exercise time - range of W:R

oxidative >3 min 1:1 to 1:3

T OR F combination training may increase training volume but not to a level that may result in overtraining

F, it may increase training volume to a level that may result in overtraining

some suggest that aerobic endurance training should be added to the training of anaerobic athletes, a process that can be termed as _

combination training or cross training

T OR F extensive aerobic training to enhance recovery from anaerobic events is not necessary and may be counterproductive in most strength and power sports

Which of the following reactions is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis (i.e., the decrease in intramuscular pH during high-intensity, fatiguing exercise)? a. ATP → ADP + Pi + H+ b. pyruvate + NADH → lactate + NAD+ c. ADP + creatine phosphate → ATP + creatine d. fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

a. ATP → ADP + Pi + H+

Approximately how many net ATP are produced via the oxidative energy system from the metabolism of one glucose molecule?

Which of the following energy substrates cannot be depleted during extreme exercise intensities or durations? a. creatine phosphate b. glycogen c. water d. ATP

ATP

This enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). This is the first and rate-limiting step of glycolysis

hexokinase

This enzyme catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, transferring a phosphate group from PEP to ADP to form ATP and pyruvate

pyruvate kinase

arrange the following enzymes by order during the process of glycolysis phosphoglycerate kinase, PFK, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), pyruvate kinase, hexokinase

hexokinase: glucose 6 phosphate (G6P) -> fructose 6 phosphate PFK: fructose 6 phosphate -> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate GADPH: glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P) -> 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate kinase: 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate -> 3 phosphoglycerate pyruvate kinase: PEP -> pyruvate

how does ETC drive ATP synthesis?

It transfers electrons from electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to oxygen, releasing energy used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.