Chapter 4 Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the General Adaptation Syndrome
A
Hans Selye coined the term General Adaptation Syndrome to refer to how the adrenal gland responds to a noxious stimulus (stressor)
This response begins with an** initial alarm reaction **that includes a reduction of function but is followed by an increase in resistance to stress above the previous baseline function.
This increase in resistance to the stress is referred to as adaptation; when the stressor is exercise, it is called training adaptation.
2
Q
What is the key to continued beneficial adaptation to the stress?
A
The key to continued beneficial adaptation to the stress is the timely removal of the stimulus (e.g., exercise) so that function can recover, and then reapplication of an often-increased stress (progressive overload)
3
Q
T or F endocrine system supports the normal homeostatic function of the body and helps it respond to external stimuli
A
T
4
Q
chemical messengers or signals molecules that are synthesized, stored, and released into the blood by endocrine glands and certain other cells
A
hormones
5
Q
synthesize, store, and secrete neurotransmitters
A
neurons
6
Q
what is the endocrine gland of the ff hormones? GH, ACTH, Beta-endorphin, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin
A
anterior pituitary gland
7
Q
what is the endocrine gland of insulin and glucagon?
A
pancreas
8
Q
what is the endocrine gland of glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, and so on), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and so on)
A
adrenal cortex
9
Q
what is the endocrine gland of the ff hormones? epinephrine, norepinephrine, proenkephalin fragments (eg peptide F)
A
adrenal medulla
10
Q
what is the endocrine gland of testosterone?
A
testes
11
Q
what is the endocrine gland of estradiol and progesterone?
A
ovaries
12
Q
what is the endocrine gland of antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin?
A
posterior pituitary gland
13
Q
what is the endocrine gland of thyroxine and calcitonin?
A
thyroid gland
14
Q
stimulates IGF I secretion from the liver, protein synthesis, growth, and metabolism; other aggregates also have biological function and make up its more complex super family
choices: a) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) b) parathyroid hormone c) glucocorticoids d) Growth hormone (GH)
A
GH
15
Q
increases blood glucose levels
a) insulin b) glucagon c) glucocorticoids d) growth hormone
A
glucagon
16
Q
increases blood calcium, decreases blood phosphate, stimulates bone formation
a) calcitonin b) mineralocorticoids c) IGF d) parathyroid horome
A
parathyroid hormone
17
Q
T OR F IGF increases protein synthesis in cells
A
T
18
Q
how does mineralocorticoids increase body fluids ?
A
via sodium potassium retention
19
Q
increases smooth muscle contraction and water reabsorption in kidneys
a) antidiuretic hormone b) ACTH c) proenkephalin fragments d) renin
A
antidiuretic hormone
20
Q
stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex
a) GH b) ACTH c) TSH d) FSH
A
ACTH
21
Q
T OR F beta endorphin stimulates analgesia
A
T
22
Q
stimulates ovulation and secretion of sex hormones in the gonads (ovaries and testes) a) estradiol b) oxytocin c) luteinizing hormone d) follicle stimulating hormone
A
luteinizing hormone
23
Q
reduces blood glucose concentrations via promotion of glucose uptake by cells, promotes glycogen storage
A
insulin
24
Q
T OR F insulin is not involved in protein synthesis
A
F
25
T OR F glucagon suppresses fat oxidation and gluconeogenesis,
F, it's insulin
26
regulates kidney function, permeability, solute
renin
27
typically, how are endocrine glands stimulated to release hormones?
- via chemical **signal** received by receptors on the gland
- via **direct** neural **stimulation**
28
hormones can be secreted to function via _ , _ and _ mechanisms
intracrine, autocrine - acts on cell itself itself via external stimulus eg IGF I
paracrine - acts on adjacent cells
29
acts as storage sites within the circulation to help fight the degradation of the hormone and extend its half life
binding protein
30
binding proteins carry _ hormones and _ hormones
peptide
steroid
31
T OR F Most hormones are active
F, most are not active UNLESS they are seperated (free) from their specific binding protein
32
this hormone binding protein can bind to specific membrane receptors and initiate activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway
SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) - binding protein from testosterone and estrogen
33
whole cascade of physiological events including hormonal signaling is a result of what?
activation of motor units to create movement
34
T OR F amount of muscle tissue activated by the exercise dictates which physiological system is needed
T
35
T OR F a particular hormone may function in a dependent manner only
F, it may function either in an independent or a dependent manner, depending on its role in a given physiological mechanism
this allows the endocrine system to respond in the proper magnitude to a physiological challenge and to interact differently with various physiological systems or target tissues at the same time
36
T OR F most hormones play a single physiological role
F, most play multiple physiological roles i.e.
- regulation of reproduction
- maintenance of homeostasis
- energy production, utilization and storage
- growth and development
37
stimulates oxidative metabolism in mitochondria and cell growth
a) thyroxine b) norepinephrine c) IGF d) proenkephalin fragments
thyroxine
38
muscle remodeling involves the disruption and damage of _ , a/an _ response, degradation of _ , _ and other _ interactions , and synthesis of _ and their orderly incorporation into existing/new _
muscle remodeling involves the disruption and damage of **muscle fibers**, an **inflammatory** response, degradation of **damaged proteins**, **hormonal and other signal** (eg growth factors, cytokines) **interactions**, and synthesis of new proteins and their orderly incorporation into existing/new sarcomeres
39
insulin, IGF, testosterone and GH are anabolic or catabolic hormones?
anabolic
40
thyroid hormones act as _ hormones that allow the actions of other hormones to take place
permissive
41
T OR F catabolic hormones such as cortisol and progesterone can degrade cell proteins
T
42
_ hormones also block the negative effects on protein metabolism of catabolic hormones
Anabolic
43
negative effects of cortisol on skeletal muscle can also be seen in its roles to _ immune cells or _ other signaling pathways such as _ involved in _
to inactivate immune cells or block other signaling pathways such as mTOR (Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin) involved in mRNA translation initiation
44
describe the lock and key theory
a given hormone interacts with a specific receptor, wherein the receptor is the lock and the hormone is the key
45
T OR F since only 1 hormone has exactly the right characteristics to bind to and fully induce a signal via a specific receptor, a given receptor cannot interact with other hormones.
F, because in cases of cross reactivity a given receptor partially interacts with other hormones (ie allosteric binding or blocking of the primary binding site)
46
receptors can have __ at which substances other than hormones can enhance or reduce the cellular response to the primary hormone
allosteric binding sites
47
when adaptation is no longer possible, what can happen to receptors?
receptors can be less responsive or non responsive to a specific hormone, preventing it from further actions in the cell
48
this refers to the inability of a hormone to interact with a receptor
downregulation of receptor function
49
T or F receptors have the ability to decrease or increase their binding sensitivity, and the actual # of receptors present for binding can also be altered.
T
50
these hormones are fat soluble and passively diffuse across the cell membrane
steroid hormones
51
which hormones are example of steroid hormones?
adrenal cortex (eg cortisol), gonads (eg testosterone, estradiol)
52
describe the series of events for steroid hormones leading to the biological effect
1. after diffusing across the sarcolemma, the ***hormone binds with its receptor*** to form a **hormone-receptor complex (H-RC), **causing a confrontational shift in the receptor and thus activating it
2. the H-RC then **BINDS to another H-RC **and moves to the nucleus, where it arrives at the DNA
3. the **H-RC "opens" the double stranded DNA** to expose the transcriptional units that code for the synthesis of specific proteins
4. the H-RC recognizes the **specific enhancers** and that ***specific part of the DNA is PRESCRIBED***
5. **mRNA** then moves into the sarcoplasm of the cell, where it is **TRANSLATED by the ribosome into the specific protein** promoted by the steroid
53
these hormones are made up of chains of AA and are not fat soluble thus cannot cross the membrane
polypeptide hormones
54
what are examples of polypeptide hormones?
GH, insulin
55
why are secondary messengers needed by polypeptide hormones?
since polypeptide hormones are not fat soluble thus cannot cross the membrane, secondary messengers inside the cell are activated for the membrane receptors to transmit the hormonal signal to the inside of the cell
56
how does one of the signals from insulin allow increased glucose uptake?
insulin induces a translocation of specific glucose transporters (GLUT 4) from the cytosol to the cell membrane, allowing for increased glucose uptake
57
these hormones are synthesized from AA tyrosine or tryptophan
amine hormones
58
T OR F similar to peptide hormones, amine hormones bind to membrane receptors and act via secondary messengers, and are regulated directly via negative feedback
F , amine hormones bind to membrane receptors and act via secondary messengers, BUT are NOT regulated directly via negative feedback
59
increase in hormone concentrations seen consequent to doing heavy RT is one signal that can increase hormonal interactions with various target tissues i.e. skeletal muscles
(anabolic or catabolic?)
anabolic
60
why does the type of exercise protocol conducted affect physiological systems such as endocrine system?
because physiological systems, including endocrine system, are sensitive to the needs of activated muscle, and therefore the type of exercise protocol conducted will determine the extent of a given system's involvement
61
how does specific force made in activated fibers lead to muscle growth and strength changes?
specific force made in activated fibers stimulate **receptor and membrane sensitivities to anabolic factors**, including hormones, which lead to muscle growth and strength changes
62
large force production stress causes alterations in __ and in the sensitivity and number of __
sarcolemma's ability to import nutrients
hormone receptors in the muscle cells
63
T OR F local inflammatory processes related to tissue damage and repair mechanisms are activated by stress and run their time course with recovery
T
64
following a resistance exercise session, remodeling of the muscle tissue occurs, but if the stress is too great, what can occur?
| in terms of catabolic and anabolic actions
catabolic actions in the muscle can exceed anabolic actions due to the inability of anabolic hormones to bind to their receptors or the downregulation of receptors in the muscle tissue
65
magnitude of hormonal response depends on the amount of _, _ , and _ required consequent to the exercise stress
tissue stimulated
tissue remodeling
tissue repair
66
T OR F higher blood concentrations of hormones always increases hormone interaction with receptors
F - when exercise acutely increases blood concentrations of hormones, the probability of interaction with receptors might be greater.
BUT, if physiological function is already close to genetic max, the receptor is not as sensitive to the increased hormonal exposure.
RECEPTOR DENSITIZATION to a hormone can develop when resting hormone levels are chronically elevated due to disease or exogenous drug use
67
since adaptations to heavy RT typically are anabolic, the recover mechanisms involved are related to what?
increases in size of muscle cells
68
when can receptor desensitization to a hormone develop?
it can develop when
- physiological function to be affected is already close to a genetic max
- resting hormone levels are chronically elevated due to disease or exogenous drug use
69
what catabolic/anabolic effects do errors in exercise prescription can result ?
greater catabolic effect
lack of anabolic effect
70
T OR F hormone concentrations can be determined from blood samples drawn at various stages of exercise and training
T
71
T OR F peripheral concentrations of hormones in the blood indicate the status of various receptor populations or the effects of a hormone within the cell
F , they DO NOT. it is typically assumed however that large increases in hormone concentration indicate higher probabilities for interactions with receptors
72
T OR F hormonal concentrations in blood is not a pre requisite for seeing gains in muscle size or strength
T
73
increase in hormonal concentrations represent an increased _ of the endocrine gland involved
activation for hormonal release
74
how are endocrine glands and muscles related?
when one trains muscles, endocrine glands are also trained.
the endocrine gland's involvement depends on how much support is needed by the gland's secretions to support the activated motor units
75
mechanism that mediates acute homeostatic changes to acute resistance exercise stress typically causes _ in hormone concentrations
sharp increase/ decrease in hormonal concentrations
76
more subtle increase or decrease often occurs where?
chronic resting hormonal concentrations in response to resistance training
77
it is the primary hormone that interacts with skeletal muscle tissue
testosterone
78
primary androgen that interacts with sex linked tissues
dihydrotestosterone
79
T OR F since circulating testosterone concentration is important for anabolic signal, it is also the key to stimulating anabolic functions
F
although circulating testosterone concentration is important for anabolic signal, the binding of testosterone to its receptor is the key to stimulating anabolic functions
80
increased testosterone concentration is an indirect marker of _ activation and _ demands beyond hemostatic conditions and typically is associated with increased _
motor unit activation
metabolic demands
receptor binding
81
GH appears to have a permissive or synergistic effect on testosterone's promotion of protein synthesis. How?
it can promote GH release from pituitary, which can influence protein synthesis in muscle
82
how does testosterone affect the nervous system?
it can interact with receptors on neurons, increase amount of NTs, and influence structural protein changes
83
following secretion in blood circulation, how is testosterone transported to target tissues?
via binding protein (largely sex hormone binding globulin and albumin)
84
at the target tissue, what does testosterone do?
disassociates from the binding protein and crosses the cell membrane to bind to the intracellular **androgen receptor**
85
research studies have shown that testosterone also binds to cell membrane receptors. this binding allows a rapid intracellular effect of testosterone, such as _ release to occur
calcium
86
variations in testosterone's cellular actions consequent to RT may be attributed to differences in _
cell membrane
87
why does no hypertrophy often take place during high intensity aerobic exercise despite increases in testosterone during activity?
it can cause a high catabolic tissue response, and increases in testosterone may be related to a need for protein synthesis to keep up with protein loss
oxidative stress may also promote decrease muscle fiber size to optimize o2 transport into cell
88
T OR F without proper exercise stimulus, cellular mechanisms that mediate muscle fiber growth are not activated to the extent that hypertrophy occurs
T
89
why do boys and younger men <18 y/o have less hypertrophy than adult men?
they make less testosterone
90
what can increase testosterone concentration in boys and younger men?
a) at least 1 yr or more RT
b) at least 2 year or more RT
c) at least 3 yr or more RT
d) at least 4 year or more RT
at least 2 yr or more RT
91
what can increase testosterone concentration in boys and younger men?
a) heavy RT (70-80%RM)
b) large muscle grp exercises eg DLs, power clean, squats
c) long RI (2-3 min)
d) low to moderate volume exercise
large muscle grp exercises eg DLs, power clean, squats
92
what %RM in RT can increase testosterone concentration in boys and younger men?
-heavy RT (85-95% of 1RM)
93
what's the ideal rest interval to increase testosterone concentration in boys and younger men?
short RI (30-60s)
94
what's the ideal volume of exercise to increase testosterone concentration in boys and younger men?
moderate to high volume of exercise, achieved with multiple sets, multiple exercises, or both
95
T or F increases in serum total testosterone in men are evident when blood is sampled before and immediately after exercise protocols that use very large muscle groups, deadlifts for examples but not bench press
T
96
what is diurnal variations and how does it affect testosterone concentration
diurnal variations = normal fluctuations in hormone levels thru out the day
when blood is sampled 4 or more hours after exercise and not immediately after it, other factors such as diurnal variations or recovery phenomena can affect the magnitutde or direction of acute stress response
decreases in testosterone blood values over time may reflect augmentation or depression of diurnal variations
97
in men, when are testosterone concentrations typically
-highest
-drop within
-increases can occur
- highest within morning
- drop within time throughout the day
- increases can occur at any point in the circadian pattern with exercise
98
T OR F magnitude of change is smaller when resting concentrations are smaller, thus leading to lower absolute concentrations with exercise
T
99
T OR F time of day of strength training (eg morning or afternoon) has significant effects on resting total concentrations, its diurnal pattern, or absolute increase in max strength
F, time of day of strength training has not been shown to have significant effects
100
women are likely to better use the amount of testosterone present with a resistance exercise stimulus, why?
although women have much lower concentrations of serum testosterone than men, the response of their androgen receptors has a faster upregulation than men, thus they are likely to better use amount of testosterone present with a resistance exercise stimulus
101
T OR F free testosterone accounts for only 1 to 3% of total testosterone, thus higher total testosterone concentration allows for more free testosterone.
F, it's 0.5 to 2%
102
free hormone hypothesis states that it's only free hormones that interact with target tissues, but _ hormones could significantly influence hormone delivery rate to target tissue
bound hormones
103
women have about _ fold lower concentrations of circulating testosterone than men
15 to 20 fold
104
after resistance training for women, if testosterone increases do occur, they are relatively __
a) large
b) significant
c) small
and are sometimes observed only for _
small
free testosterone
105
the primary hormone that arises from the DNA machinery is the 191 AA polypeptide that is made in the somatotroph of the anterior pituitary gland, in two types of somatotrophs namely
band 1 - smaller molecular weight forms eg 22kDa
band 2 - larger moleular weight forms eg aggregates
106
blood is filled with GH splice variants and more importantly its many _ in different _
aggregates eg multiple disulfide bonds linking together GH monomers
moelcular weight combinations
107
what forms of GH might be the important biologically functional relevant GH involved in adaptation to exercise?
aggregate forms
108
why have majority of studies in exercise endocrinology have examined the 22kDa isoform?
due to ease and popularity in immunoassays often termed RIA (radioimmunoassay), ELISA (enzyime-linked immunosorbent assay), EIA (enzyme immunoassay) which use antibody interactions (generally specific to 22kDa GH variant) to determine the amount present in the blood
109
T OR F target tissues for GH are highly variable and different molecular weight vairants have different target tissues
T
110
T OR F GH in its many forms interacts directly with target tissues
T
111
22kDa GH form both stimulates
-release of _ at the _ level of the cell
-increases the availability of _ for _ synthesis
releases of IGF at the autocrine level of the cell
increases the availability of AA for protein synthesis
112
insulin like growth factor may be released from what tissues?
nonhepatic tissues such as muscle itself, which may not produce as much endogenous IGF as other body tissues
113
T OR F GH plays a crucial role in direct cellular interactions as one of the most potent catabolic hormones
F it's anabolic
114
22kDa GH - highest levels observed when?
at night during sleep
115
22kda form of release of GH is _ , these pulses have different amplitudes throughout the day and exercise seems to increase their amplitude and number
pulsatile
116
in general GH acts by
a) activating a secondary messenger which sends signals to the motor cortex
b) binding to plasma bound receptors on target cells
c) synapsing with the anterior pituitary gland and motor neuron activates the muscle cell
b) binding to plasma bound receptors on target cells
117
GH (22kDa) concentrations increase in response to breath _ and _ as well as _
breath holding
hyperventilation
hypoxia
118
substantial stimulus for 22kDa GH release is increased _ and _ concentrations
a) phosphate and lactate
b) oxygen and pyruvate
c) hydrogen and lactate
d) sodium and potassium
hydrogen ion
lactate concentrations
119
what results in large increases in serum 22 kDa GH concentrations?
a) high volume high rest
b) low volume low rest
c) low volume high rest
d) high volume low rest
high volume low rest
120
who has higher 22kDa GH blood concentration, men or women, and why?
throughout the menstrual cycle, women have higher blood concentrations of 22kDa GH due to greater frequency and amplitude of secretion
121
at what phase of the menstrual cycle would women have significantly 22kDa GH concentrations at rest compared with men
a) menstrual phase
b) follicular phase
c) ovulatory phase
d) luteal phase
follicular phase
122
T OR F use of hormonal contraception (eg estrogen containing birth control pills) appear to increase or decrease 22kDa GH response to RT
F, increase only
123
how are response patterns of men and women to resistance exercise protocols when workouts are compared?
similar
124
bioactive GH is also made of diff molecular sizes based on what molecular sizes _ together
bind
eg 2 monomers bound together result in a dimer or a 44kDa form and so on GH monomers are added together
125
when do GH concentrations need to be measured to show whether changes occur with resistance training?
over long time periods, 2-24hrs
126
what tells whether changes in release have occurred for GH concentrations?
area under the time curve, which includes an array of pulsatile effects
127
difference in __ mechanisms, changes in __ sensitivities, __ potentiation, __, and __ concentrations may mediate GH adaptations with RT
difference in feedback mechanisms, changes in receptor sensitivities, IGF potentiation, diurnal variation, and maximal exercise concentrations may mediate GH adaptations with RT
128
as higher amounts of aggregate GH are made, 22kDa form becomes more or less important?
less
129
some of the effects of 22kDa GH are mediated thru small polypeptides called
IGFs (insulin like growth factors) or somatomedins
130
T OR F IGF I is a 67 AA polypeptide
F
IGF I - 70 AA polypeptide
IGF II - 67 AA polypeptide
131
22kDa GH stimulates _ to make IGF
liver cells
132
besides GH, factors such as __ and __ are also involved in IGF synthesis regulation
a) parathyroid hormone and testosterone
b) thyroid hormone and androgen
c) thyroid hormone and testosterone
d) parathyroid hormone and insulin
thyroid hormone and testosterone
133
testosterone responds to the demand of an exercise protocol. its receptors either increase binding to __ or they do not due to lack of __
increase binding to use elevated testosterone
they do not due to lack of need for signal to increase muscle related metabolism
134
one might expect an increase in exercise induced concentrations of testosterone due to improved _ and the ability to do more _ in an exercise protocol
functional capacity
work
135
how can testosterone have a role in nervous system development in long term training?
by augmenting neural adaptations that occur for strength gain in highly trained strength and power athletes
136
T OR F
i. resistance exercise and training increase the muscle androgen receptor content
ii. the increase in androgen receptor binding does not enhance testosterone use
iii. nutritional intakes before a workout can negatively affect androgen content
only i. is T
ii. - increase in androgen receptor binding DOES enhance testosterone use
iii- nutritional intake before a workout can cause UPREGULATED SKELETAL MUSCLE ANDROGEN content and are a reason why having protein and some carbs before a workout appears to be important
137
typical of many polypeptide hormones, both growth factors are synthesized as __ molecules, which then undergo processing to form _____
larger precursor molecules
other variants of the active hormones themselves
138
describe the process of IGF being able to interact with the receptors
1) IGF travel in the blood bound to binding proteins
2) in the target tissues, IGF disassociate from the binding protein and interact with the receptors
139
IGF I binding proteins 1 to 6, which are the most extensively studied in terms of their response to exercise?
1 and 3
140
each binding protein
a) responds to exercise stress dependently with no biological actions of its own
b) responds to exercise stress independently with no biological actions of its own
c) responds to exercise stress dependently and has its own biological actions
d) responds to exercise stress independently and has its own biological actions
responds to exercise stress INDEPENDENTLY and HAS its own biological actions
141
T OR F IGF has been shown to stimulate secretion of its own binding proteins via secondary messengers outside
F, its from within the muscle cell itself
142
circulating IGF binding proteins play an important role in restricting access of the __ to the receptors and are influenced by __ concentrations
IGF peptides
22kDa GH
143
T OR F Other factors such as nutritional status and insulin levels have not been shown to be important for signal mechanisms in IGF release
F , they have
144
why is IGF I the primary IGF studied in exercise?
due to its prolific role in protein anabolism
145
acute increases in blood levels of IGF I are unknown but are probably related to ___ including fat and muscle cells since these cells manufacture and store IGF
disruption of various cells
146
T OR F exercise induced increases in circulating IGF I are NOT reflective of local IGF I signaling taking place
T - this was shown in a study of men and women wherein increase in circulating total and free IGF-I was NOT correlated with increases in interstitial fluid IGF-I concentrations or muscle IGF-I protein content
147
how many hours does it take for IGF to be made and released from liver following stimulation by GH?
8 to 24h
148
since it takes a long time for IGF to be made and released from liver following stimulation by GH, this seems to indicate that IGF is released from storage sources other than the liver. What else can be release due to?
release is also due to **cellular disruption** of cells that already contain IGF
or that **GH mediated release of IGF** with certain types of exercise has a **different time course** from that in injection response studies
149
exercise related increases seem to occur more readily if resting concentrations are of _ value
lower value eg 10 to 20 nml/L
150
within training, acute exercise induced increases are less probable when resting concentrations are _
high eg 35-45nmol/L
151
what release mechanisms of IGF-I may be paramount in the IGF-I influence on muscle
autocrine and perhaps paracrine
- can allow IGF I to act LOCALLY within the muscle tissue => allows highly targeted and efficient muscle repair and growth
152
At rest, fat cells have relatively high concentrations of IGF, and skeletal muscles have very little of its own. However, __, __ and __, as in resistance exercise, causes them to substantially increase their production of IGF I.
IGF I made in muscle is often referred to as __, and it exerts autocrine functions
mechanical stimulation, overload, and stretch of muscle cells
mechano growth factor
153
T OR F IGF follows a classic endocrine response (eg stimulus of gland by exercise resulting in hormone release into the blood) in all cases
F, although IGF I has been shown to be responsive to exercise in some studies, this does not follow a classic endocrine response.
154
T OR F starting IGF I may be a factor in determining whether an increase is observed with exercise
T, so no increases if starting concentrations are high, an increase if starting concentrations are low
155
IGF I concentrations were more sensitive to __ which included CHO and protein supplementation before and after a workout
acute caloric loads
156
this endocrine gland plays a crucial role in fight or flight response
adrenal gland
157
adrenal gland has 2 major divisions namely _ and _
both divisions respond to _
medulla (center) and cortex (shell)
exercise stress
158
adrenal medulla is stimulated __ and thus gives __ response
stimulated DIRECTLY by the nervous system
gives a FAST & almost immediate response
159
adrenal cortex is stimulated by __ released from the __
stimulated by ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
released from the anterior pituitary
160
the adrenal hormones most important to training and conditioning are __ , a __ from the adrenal cortex, and the ____, and ___ from the adrenal medulla
cortisol, a glucocorticoid from the adrenal cortex
catecholamines (epi, norepinephrine, and dopamine) and enkephalin-containing polypeptides (eg peptide F) from the adrenal medulla
161
T OR F Peptide E, a proenkephalin fragment, plays an important role in enhancing immune cell functions
F, it's peptide F
162
adrenal medulla secretes hormones involved in both the __ and the __ from that stress
immediate reaction to stress
subsequent recovery
163
it is a primary signal hormone for carb metabolism and is related to the glycogen stores in the muscle
cortisol
164
cortisol concentrations show a strong circadian pattern, concentration is greatest in __ and drops __
greatest in early morning
drops thru out the day
165
T OR F since cortisol concentrations show a strong circadian pattern, the time of day is an important consideration when one is examining or comparing results for cortisol
T
166
cortisol exerts its major catabolic effects by stimulating the conversion of __ to __, increasing the level of __ , inhibiting __ and suppressing many __ processes such as __ and __
conversion of AA to CHO
increasing the level of proteolytic enzymes (enzymes that breakdown protein)
inhibiting protein synthesis
suppressing many glucose dependent process such as glycogenesis and immune cell function
167
which muscle fibers does cortisol have a greater effect on
type II, might be because they have more protein than type I
but cortisol might still be involved with the control and degradation of type I fibers
168
during disease, joint immobilization, or injury, an elevation in cortisol mediates a __ effect with a net loss of __
nitrogen wasting effect
contractile protein
169
in the muscle, what counters cortisol's catabolic effects?
anabolic effects of testosterone and insulin
170
explain how protein is preserved / degraded with testosterone and cortisol
if more receptors bound testosterone than cortisol, protein is preserved
if more receptors bound to cortisol. protein is degraded
171
T OR F the balance of anabolic and catabolic activities in the muscle affect the protein contractile unit, directly influencing strength
T
172
acute increase in _ after exercise also implicate acute inflammatory response mechanisms in tissue remodeling
circulating cortisol
173
as with 22kDa GH it appears that cortisol __ with resistance exercise
increase
174
when might increase in cortisol not have negative effects in men?
after a period of training to which the body has adapted - adaptation "disinhibits" cortisol at the level of the testis, thus maintaining testosterone's main influence on its nuclear receptors
175
how does chronic and acute levels of cortisol affect muscle tissue
chronic levels can have adverse effects
acute increases may be part of larger remodeling process in the muscle tissue
176
how does acute elevation in cortisol aid in muscle tissue remodeling?
by helping to remove damaged proteins
^muscle must be disrupted below injury levels to remodel itself and enlarge
177
magnitude of cortisol increase may need to be greater than __ to indicate potential overtraining issues
800 nmol/L
178
with heavy resistance exercise, glucocorticoid receptor expression in B cells decrease with __ and increase with __ , demonstrating greater __ which in turn would reduce b cell activity during __
exercise
recovery
binding
recovery
179
Recent data indicate that in trained men, significantly lower concentrations of glucocorticoid receptors are found at __ and over a __ period of __ after exercise
rest
recovery
70 min
180
what is the difference in andogen binding capacity during resistance exercise among trained men and women?
women - decreased and then increased their androgen binding capacity over 70 min after exercise
men - only saw continual downregulation
181
women dealing with lower testosterone concentrations more rapidly upregulated __ receptors whereas __ receptors were already upregulated before the workout
androgen
glucocorticoid
182
T OR F there is differential stimulus between sexes, which causes different receptor responses of immune cells to cortisol
F , they have similar response
183
what is the difference between acute vs chronic cortisol response?
acute - metabolic stress of exercise
chronic - tissue homeostasis entailing protein metabolism
184
cortisol's role in overtraining, detraining or injury may be critical when muscle tissue _ and decreases in _ capabilities
muscle tissue atrophy
decreases in force prod capabilities
185
cortisol's role in suppressing ___ in the immune system has a direct impact on recovery and remodeling of skeletal muscle tissue
function of cells
186
these hormones are secreted by adrenal medulla and are important for the acute expression of strength and power
catecholamines
187
what are examples of catecholamines
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
188
how are catecholamines important for expression of strength and power?
they act as central **motor stimulators** and peripheral **vascular dilators** (increases blood flow) and enhance enzyme systems and **calcium release in muscle**
189
T OR F men who had higher catecholamine release immediately before and during a heavy resistance exercise session were able to better maintain force output thru out the session
T
190
T OR F catecholamines act to stimulate other catabolic hormones
F it's anabolic
191
T OR F the physiological function of epinephrine and norepinephrine are
a) increase force production
b) increase muscle relaxation
c) decrease blood pressure
d) increase energy availability
e) decrease muscle blood flow
f) augment secretion rates of other hormones such as testosterone
a) T
b) F it's contraction
c) F it's increase
d) T
e) F it's increase via vasodilation
f) T
192
catecholamines appear to reflect the _ demands and physical stress of resistance exercise protocols
acute or chronic?
acute
193
when are adrenal responses involved in recovery
they are only involved in recovery responses when stress is removed
194
what is the adrenal response if training is not varied?
continued stress keeps the adrenal gland engaged, and **recovery is delayed** (due to 2ndary responses of cortisol and its negative effects on immune system cells and protein structures)
long term continued high stress can cause **adrenal exhaustion** -> reduced catecholamine prod by adrenal medulla
195
during heavy RT, epinephrine secretion during maximal exercise is greater or lesser?
greater
196
since epinephrine is involved in metabolic control, force prod, and response mechanism of other hormones, stimulation of __ is probably one of the first endocrine mechanisms to occur in response to resistance exercise
catecholamine
197
why are other hormones important for primary hormones to work?
other hormones must make an optimal environment in which the primary hormonal actions can occur
198
what hormones have been implicated in growth, repair, pain analgesia and exercise stress mechanisms?
insulin, thyroid hormones, beta endorphin
199
use _ volume, _ muscle groups and _ rest periods to expose the body to an adrenergic stress
high volume
large muscle grp
short rest period
200
GH levels have been shown to increase acutely with use of either of these methods or both in combination
- use workouts with higher __ and associated with __ ; that is use __ intensity with __ of each exercise (high total __) and __ rest periods
- supplement diet with __ and __ before and after workouts
use workouts with higher lactate concentrations and associated with acid base disruptions ; that is use high intensity (1oRM or heavy resistance) with 3 sets of each exercise (high total work) and short (1 min) rest periods
- supplement diet with carbs and protein
- before and after workouts
201
after a bout of RT, acute hormonal secretions give all the ff info to the body except
a) amount of physiological stress
b) metabolic demand of exercise
c) type of physiological stress
d) energy expended
d
Here's why:
a) Amount of physiological stress: Hormones like cortisol, growth hormone, and adrenaline (epinephrine) are released in response to the stress induced by resistance exercise. These hormones help the body assess the amount of physiological stress it is under.
b) Metabolic demands of exercise: Hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and insulin are involved in regulating the body's metabolic processes. They help to assess and respond to the metabolic demands of exercise by influencing energy production, glucose utilization, and fat metabolism.
c) Type of physiological stress: Hormones also help to signal the type of physiological stress being imposed on the body, such as whether the stress is from resistance exercise (which tends to promote muscle repair and growth) or endurance exercise (which might lead to adaptations in cardiovascular function).
d) Energy expended: Acute hormonal responses do not directly measure or quantify the energy expended during exercise. While hormones regulate energy production and consumption during exercise, the actual measurement of energy expenditure requires specific instruments, such as calorimetry or metabolic testing. The hormonal responses help adjust the body's energy use, but they don't provide an explicit measure of total energy expenditure.
202
which of the ff hormones enhance muscle tissue growth
i. GH
ii cortisol
iii. IGF I
iv progesterone
GH, IGF I
203
which of the ff is NOT a function of GH
a) increase lipolysis
b) decrease collagen synthesis
c) increase AA transport
d) decrease glucose utilization
decrease collagen synthesis, since it increases it
204
which of the ff hormones has the greatest influence on neural changes, GH, testosterone, cortisol or IGF?
testosterone
205
what type of RT workout promotes the highest growth hormone increases following exercise session? (rest, volume, sets)
a) 30s, high, 3
b) 30s, low, 1
c) 3 min, high, 1
d) 3 min, low, 3
A
