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12 - APB Textbook > Chapter 6 - A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

cytosol

A

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.

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2
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.

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3
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.

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4
Q

nucleoid

A

A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus.

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6
Q

plasma membrane

A

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition.

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7
Q

nucleus

A

(1) An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin. (3) A cluster of neutrons.

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8
Q

nuclear envelope

A

In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

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9
Q

nuclear lamina

A

A netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

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10
Q

chromosome

A

A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. (A bacterial chromosomes usually consists of a single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. It is found in the nucleoid region, which is not membrane bounded.) <em>See also</em> chromatin.

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11
Q

chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.

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12
Q

nucleolus

A

A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly. <em>See also</em> ribosome.

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13
Q

ribosome

A

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. <em>See also</em> nucleolus.

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14
Q

endomembrane system

A

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles.

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15
Q

vesicle

A

A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.

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16
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

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17
Q

smooth ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

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18
Q

rough ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached.

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19
Q

glycoproteins

A

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.

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20
Q

transport vesicle

A

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.

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22
Q

lysosome

A

A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists.

23
Q

phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells).

24
Q

vacuole

A

A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells.

25
Q

food vacuole

A

A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.

26
Q

contractile vacuole

A

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists.

27
Q

central vacuole

A

In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances.

28
Q

mitochondrion

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP.

29
Q

chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

30
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

The [supposed] theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. [it is believed that] The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

31
Q

crista

A

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase).

32
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA.

33
Q

thylakoid

A

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

34
Q

granum

A

A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

35
Q

stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

36
Q

plastid

A

One of a family of [supposedly] closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. Plastids are found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes.

37
Q

peroxisome

A

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

38
Q

cytoskeleton

A

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.

39
Q

motor protein

A

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.

40
Q

microtubule

A

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

41
Q

centrosome

A

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.

42
Q

centriole

A

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.

43
Q

flagellum

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9 + 2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. Prokaryotic flagella have a different structure.

44
Q

cilium

A

A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; it is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9 + 2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. A primary cilium is usually nonmotile and plays a sensory and signaling role; it lacks the two inner microtubules (the “9 + 0” arrangement).

45
Q

basal body

A

A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a “9 + 0” arrangement of microtubule triplets. The basal body may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole.

46
Q

dynein

A

In cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella.

47
Q

microfilament

A

A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament.

48
Q

actin

A

A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells.

49
Q

cortex

A

(1) The outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency than the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments. (2) In plants, ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem.

50
Q

myosin

A

A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.

51
Q

pseudopodium

A

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

52
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.

53
Q

intermediate filament

A

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.

12 - APB Textbook (57 decks)

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