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Biology > Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytosol

A

semifluid, jellylike substance which subcellular components are suspended

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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

most of the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane

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3
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed aka nucleoid

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane; suspended in cytosol are a variety of organelles of specialized form and function

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service entire cell; bilayer of phospholipids

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

contains most of the genes (some genes are located in mitochondria and chloroplasts)

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7
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

double membrane (each a lipid bilayer with associated proteins), are separated by a space of 20-40 nm

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8
Q

Pore Complex

A

large protein assembly that spans nucleur envelop and plays an important role in the cell by regulating the entry and exit of molecules from nucleus

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9
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting nuclear envelope

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

structure within nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from instructions of DNA; proteins from cytoplasm are assembled with rRNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins; the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis

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13
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

make proteins that function within the cytosol

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14
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

make proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within certain organelles such as lysosomes or for export from the cell

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15
Q

Endomembrane System

A

different membrane-bound organelles (nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and plasma membrane) that are related through direct physical continuity or by transfer of membrane segments as tiny vesicles

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16
Q

Vesicles

A

sacs made of membranes

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

cisternae = tubules and sacs reservoir for liquid; ER lumen = cisternal space separate from cytosol; continuous with nuclear envelope = continuous with lumen; smooth/rough ER

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18
Q

Smooth ER Function

A

enzymes of smooth ER: synthesize lipids i.e. oils & steroids), and new membrane phospholipids

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19
Q

Rough ER (secretory proteins)

A
  1. polypeptide chain grows from bound ribosome;
  2. chain thread into ER lumen through pore formed by protein complex in ER membrane and chain folds into functional shape as it enters ER
  3. carbohydrates are attached to proteins (glycoproteins) in ER lumen by enzymes built in membrane; ER keeps separate from proteins in cytosol
  4. secretory proteins depart from ER wrapped in membranes through transitional ER
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20
Q

Glycoprotein

A

proteins with carbohydrates covalently bond to them

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21
Q

Rough ER Membrane Factory

A
  1. polypeptides destined to be membrane proteins grow from ribosomes
  2. chains are inserted into the ER membrane itself and enzymes built into ER membrane assemble phospholipids from precursors in the cytosol
  3. ER membrane expands, and portions of it are transferred in transport vesicles to other components of endomembrane system
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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus Function

A
  1. “receive” vesicles to the cis face (on the same side) from ER [vesicle from ER can add its membrane w/contents by fusing with Golgi membrane]
  2. “sort” products of ER are modified (i.e. glycoproteins have carbohydrates modified) and targeted for various parts of cell
  3. “ship” trans face (on the opposite side) gives rise to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sites
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23
Q

Lysosome

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that are used to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules; made by rough ER and transferred to Golgi apparatus for further processing

24
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  1. a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell (i.e. amoeba engulfing smaller organisms or food particles)
  2. lysosomes digest (hydrolyze) materials taken into the cell
25
Q

Autophagy

A
  1. a damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol becomes surrounded by a double membrane
  2. lysosome fuses with the outer membrane of this vesicle
  3. lysosomal enzymes dismantle the inner membrane with enclosed material
  4. remaining small organic compounds are released to cytosol for reuse

(cell continually renews itself)

26
Q

Vacuole

A

large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi apparatus selective in transporting solutes/differs in composition from the cytosol; integral part of a cell’s endomembrane system

27
Q

Food Vacuole

A

a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell

28
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

a membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists

29
Q

Central Vacuole

A

mature plant cells develop by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles; solution inside is plan cell’s main repository of inorganic ions

30
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

Early ancestor of eukaryotic cell engulfed an oxygen using non-photosynthetic/photosynthetic prokaryotic cell; formed a relation with the host cell —>host cell and its endosymbiont (cell within a cell) merged into a single organism

31
Q

Mitochondria

A

cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels

32
Q

Cristae

A

convoluted inner membrane with foldings of mitochondrion that increase surface area of inner membrane for increase ATP production

33
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

enclosed by the inner membrane; contains many different enzymes and mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes; enzymes catalyze some steps of cellular respiration (ATP)

34
Q

Chloroplasts

A

converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from CO2

35
Q

Thylakoids

A

another membranous system flattened and interconnected sacs inside chloroplast

36
Q

Granum

A

thylakoids stacked like poker chips

37
Q

Stroma

A

fluid outside the thylakoids which contains the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes and enzymes

38
Q

Peroxisome

A

bounded by a single membrane that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen (function example = break fatty acids down into smaller molecules for mitochondria to use as fuel in cellular respiration)

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm

40
Q

Cytoskeleton Function

A
  1. mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape
  2. cell motility: works together with motor proteins and plasma membrane to allow cells to move along fibers
  3. manipulates the plasma membrane, bending it inward to form food vacuoles or other phagocytic vesicles
41
Q

Microtubules

A

hollow tubes; tubulin (globular proteins), maintenance of cell shape/compression resistant girders; cell motility (i.e. cilia or flagella);chromosome movements in cell division; organelle movements; guide vesicles ER to Golgi to plasma membrane

42
Q

Centrosome

A

area near nucleus where microtubules grow out

43
Q

Centrioles

A

pair made of nine sets of three microtubules each with non-tubulin proteins that connect; set at right angle from each other

44
Q

Flagella

A

microtubule containing extensions that project from some cells sheathed in an extension of plasma membrane; undulating motion like tail of a fish

45
Q

Cilia

A

microtubule containing extensions that project from some cells sheathed in an extension of plasma membrane; alternating power and recovery strokes like oars; signal receiving antenna for cell

46
Q

Basal Body

A

structurally very similar to a centriole within flagella/cilia

47
Q

Dyneins

A

large motor proteins that are attached along each outer microtubule doublet that has two feet that walk using ATP for energy

48
Q

Microfilaments

A

2 intertwined strands of actin (globular protein); maintenance of shape/tension bearing elements of pulling forces; changes in cell shape; muscle contraction; cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells; cell motility (amoeboid movement); division of animal cells

49
Q

Cortex

A

microfilaments gives the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell the semisolid consistency of a gel in contrast with the more fluid state of interior cytoplasm

50
Q

Myosin

A

protein that interacts with microfilament interact to cause muscle contractions

51
Q

Pseudopodia

A

cell crawls along a surface by extending cellular extension and moving toward them

52
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

actin protein interaction contribute to a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

53
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

fibrous proteins coiled into cables (made of several different proteins); cell shape/tension bearing elements of pulling forces; anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles; formation of nuclear lamina

54
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A
  1. Collage fibers (glycoproteins)
  2. Proteoglycans molecules attached to noncovalently to single long polysaccharide molecule
  3. Integrins bind to ECM on outside and attached to microfilaments on inside; transmit signals from cell exterior to interior resulting changes in cell behavior
55
Q

Plant Cell Wall

A
  1. Primary cell wall = microfibrils made of polysaccharide cellulose/thin and flexible
  2. Secondary cell wall between primary and plasma membrane (deposited in several laminated layers; very durable)
56
Q

Plasmodesmata (Plants)

A

cell walls are perforated with channels that connect cells so water and small solutes pass freely

57
Q

Junctions (Animal)

A

Tight: plasma membranes tightly pressed together = water tight seal
Desmosomes: like rivets fastening cells together (anchored to intermediate filaments)
Gap: cytoplasmic channels from cell to another – membrane proteins surrounding pores which ions, sugars, amino acids and other small molecules pass (important in heart muscle)

Biology (10 decks)

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