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AP Bio > Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Light Microscope

A

visible light passes through the specimen and through the glasses lens, the lenses refract the light in such a way that the image is magnified

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2
Q

Magnification

A

the ratio of an objects image size to its real size

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3
Q

Resolution

A

the clarity of a magnified image

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3
Q

Contrast

A

difference of brightness in light and dark areas of an image

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4
Q

Organelles

A

membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

beam of electrons scams the surface of a sample to study the topography of a specimen

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5
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

takes cells apart and separates the major organelles and other structures from one another

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5
Q

Electron Microscope

A

electron beam focuses a beam of electrons though a specimen

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

semi fluid jelly substance inside a cell

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6
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

used to study internal structures of a cell

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

in eukaryotic cells, refers to the nucleus and plasma membrane

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7
Q

Cell Centrifugation

A

spinning test tubes containing mixtures of disrupted cells at a series of increasing speeds, resulting in a subset of the cell components sinking to the bottom in the form of a pellet

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8
Q

Microvilli

A

long thin projections in a cell to increase surface area without increasing volume and size

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

selective barrier that allows enough oxygen, nutrients, and waste to enter and exit the entire cell

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

contains most of the genes of a eukaryotic cell

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10
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

encloses the nucleus and separates its contents from the cytoplasm, double membrane each a lipid bilayer

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11
Q

Pore Complex

A

intricate pore structure lining each pore, plays an important role in regulating the in and out of proteins and RNA

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

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12
Q

Chromosomes

A

structures that carry DNA and genetic information

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12
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

lining of the nuclear side of the envelope, netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

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13
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA is synthesized from genes in RNA

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

prominent structure within nondividing nucleus, appears through the electron microscope as a mass of densely stained granules and fibers, plays a roll in controlling cell division and life span of a cell

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13
Q

Nuclear Matrix

A

framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

complexes made up of rRNA and proteins, cellular components that synthesize proteins, membrane-bound and thus considered an organelle

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15
Q

Endomembrane System

A

made up of many different membrane bound organelles like the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

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16
Q

Vesicles

A

sacs made of membrane

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

extensive network of membranes, within the cytoplasm, separates the internal compartment (lumen/cavity) from the outside cytosol

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18
Q

Smooth ER

A

outer surface of ER, lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions

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18
Q

Glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbs covalently bonded to them, carbs are attached to the proteins in the ER lumen by enzymes built into the ER membranes

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19
Q

Transport Vesicles

A

vesicles in transport from one part of a cell to another

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19
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

a warehouse for receiving, shipping, storing, and producing products like proteins, lots of golgi in cells specialized in secretion, consists fo flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)

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20
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes on the outer surface, many cells secrete proteins that are produced by ribosomes attached to the rough ER, as a polypeptide chain grows from the ribosomes it threads into the ER lumen through a pore, membrane factory

21
Q

Trans Face of Golgi Stacks

A

gives rise to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sides

22
Q

Cis Face of Golgi Stacks

A

usually near the endoplasmic reticulum, a vesicle from the ER can add its membrane and lumen contents to the cis face by fusing with a golgi membrane on that side

23
Q

Lysosomes

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules, lysosomal enzymes work best in the lysosomal acidic environment, leaking lysosomes have little impact due to near neutral pH of cytosol

24
Q

Phagocytosis

A

amoebas and other unicellular protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms and food particles

24
Q

Food Vacuole

A

fuses with a lysosome where enzymes digest food

25
Q

Vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, vacuolar membrane is selective in transporting solutes

25
Q

Water Vacuoles

A

present in unicellular protists living in fresh water, pumps excess water in and out of a cell

25
Q

Autography

A

lysosomes using their hydrolytic enzyme to recycle the cells own organic materials, a damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol becomes surrounded by a double membrane and a lysosome fuses with the outer membrane of the vesicle

26
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

process of using oxygen to produce ATP by extracting energy from sugars and fats

26
Q

Mitochondria

A

converts energy to forms that cells can use for work, site of cellular respiration

26
Q

Central Vacuole

A

in most mature plant cells, develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles, plays a major role in the growth of plant cells which enlarge as the vacuole absorbs water and enables the cell to become larger

27
Q

Chloroplasts

A

found in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis, converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and synthesizing sugar from CO2 to H2O

28
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cells, forming a relationship with the host cell, becoming a cell living within another cell. A host cell and its endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with the endosymbiont becoming a mitochondria

29
Q

Cristae

A

infoldings of the inner mitochondria membrane

30
Q

Intermembrane Space

A

narrow region between inner and outer membrane

31
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

enclosed by the inner membrane, contains many different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes, enzymes in the matrix catalyze cellular respiration

32
Q

Chloroplasts

A

contain green pigment chlorophyll, enzymes, and molecules that help with photosynthetic production of sugar

33
Q

Thylakoids

A

another membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs, found inside chloroplasts, aid in photosynthesis

34
Q

Granum

A

name for each stack of thylakoids

35
Q

Stroma

A

fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes along with many enzymes

36
Q

Plastids

A

closely related to chloroplasts, a plant organelle

37
Q

Amyloplast

A

type of plastid, stores starch in the form of amylose in roots and tubers

38
Q

Chromoplast

A

type of plastid, pigment that gives fruit and flowers orange and yellow hues

39
Q

Peroxisome

A

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane, contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms and turn them into various substances and transfers them into oxygen, produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

40
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

specialized peroxisome, found in fat storing tissues of seeds, contains enzymes that catalyze conversion of fatty acids to sugar

41
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers floating through the cytoplasm

42
Q

Roles of the Cytoskeleton

A

gives mechanical support to the cell, stabilizes the cell by balancing between opposing forces exerted by its elements, provides anchorage for organelles, can be broken down and rebuilt as needed to change the shape of a cell

43
Q

Motor Proteins

A

motility of a cell usually requires interaction with motor proteins and other things

44
Q

Components of the Cytoplasm

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

45
Q

Microfilaments

A

actin filaments, thin solid rods, twisted double chain of actin subunits, seem to be present in all eukaryotic cells

46
Q

Microtubules

A

thickest in diameter, hollow rods made up of globular proteins called tubulins, each microtubule is a dimer, grow in length by adding dimers but can also be disassembled, two ends are different and can catch and release tubulin at different rates, involved in separation of chromosomes

47
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

named for their diameter in between microtubules and microfilaments, only found in the cells of some animals, diverse class of cytoskeletal elements, more permanent within a cell, make up nuclear lamina

48
Q

Centrosome

A

where microtubules grow out from, often found near the nucleus

48
Q

Centrioles

A

within the centrosome, 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring, serve as the cells skeletal system

49
Q

Flagella and CIlia

A

cellular extensions where microtubules are contained, most cilia usually occur in large numbers on the surface of a cell, only one or a few flagella per cell, propel through water

50
Q

Cortex

A

outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell

51
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

a circular flow of cytoplasm within a cell, speeds up the movement of organelles and distribution of cellular materials

52
Q

Cell Wall

A

extra cellular structure of plant cells, protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, prevents excess uptake of water, strong walls hold the plant upright against gravity, much thicker than plasma membrane

53
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

flexible and thin wall of young plant cells

54
Q

Middle Lamella

A

thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins, glues adjacent cells together, when the cells stop growing it strengthens its walls

55
Q

Secondary Cell Walls

A

between plasma membrane and cell wall, strong and durable matrix that protects and supports a cell

56
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

ECM, filled with glycoproteins and other carb containing molecules secreted by animal cells

57
Q

Collagen

A

most abundant glycoprotein in most animal ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cell

58
Q

Proteoglycans

A

where collagen fibers are embedded, consists of small core proteins with a lot of carb chains covalently attached

59
Q

Fibronectin

A

glycoproteins that makes cells attach to the ECM

60
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

perforate cell walls, plasma cells of adjacent cells line the channel of each plasmodesma and thus are continuous, unify most of the plant into one by joining adjacent cells together

AP Bio (12 decks)

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