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AP Bio > Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Light Microscope

A

visible light passes through the specimen and through the glasses lens, the lenses refract the light in such a way that the image is magnified

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2
Q

Magnification

A

the ratio of an objects image size to its real size

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3
Q

Resolution

A

the clarity of a magnified image

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3
Q

Contrast

A

difference of brightness in light and dark areas of an image

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4
Q

Organelles

A

membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

beam of electrons scams the surface of a sample to study the topography of a specimen

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5
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

takes cells apart and separates the major organelles and other structures from one another

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5
Q

Electron Microscope

A

electron beam focuses a beam of electrons though a specimen

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

semi fluid jelly substance inside a cell

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6
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

used to study internal structures of a cell

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

in eukaryotic cells, refers to the nucleus and plasma membrane

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7
Q

Cell Centrifugation

A

spinning test tubes containing mixtures of disrupted cells at a series of increasing speeds, resulting in a subset of the cell components sinking to the bottom in the form of a pellet

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8
Q

Microvilli

A

long thin projections in a cell to increase surface area without increasing volume and size

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

selective barrier that allows enough oxygen, nutrients, and waste to enter and exit the entire cell

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

contains most of the genes of a eukaryotic cell

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10
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

encloses the nucleus and separates its contents from the cytoplasm, double membrane each a lipid bilayer

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11
Q

Pore Complex

A

intricate pore structure lining each pore, plays an important role in regulating the in and out of proteins and RNA

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

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12
Q

Chromosomes

A

structures that carry DNA and genetic information

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12
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

lining of the nuclear side of the envelope, netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

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13
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA is synthesized from genes in RNA

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

prominent structure within nondividing nucleus, appears through the electron microscope as a mass of densely stained granules and fibers, plays a roll in controlling cell division and life span of a cell

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13
Q

Nuclear Matrix

A

framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

complexes made up of rRNA and proteins, cellular components that synthesize proteins, membrane-bound and thus considered an organelle

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15
Endomembrane System
made up of many different membrane bound organelles like the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
16
Vesicles
sacs made of membrane
17
Endoplasmic Reticulum
extensive network of membranes, within the cytoplasm, separates the internal compartment (lumen/cavity) from the outside cytosol
18
Smooth ER
outer surface of ER, lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions
18
Glycoproteins
proteins with carbs covalently bonded to them, carbs are attached to the proteins in the ER lumen by enzymes built into the ER membranes
19
Transport Vesicles
vesicles in transport from one part of a cell to another
19
Golgi Apparatus
a warehouse for receiving, shipping, storing, and producing products like proteins, lots of golgi in cells specialized in secretion, consists fo flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
20
Rough ER
studded with ribosomes on the outer surface, many cells secrete proteins that are produced by ribosomes attached to the rough ER, as a polypeptide chain grows from the ribosomes it threads into the ER lumen through a pore, membrane factory
21
Trans Face of Golgi Stacks
gives rise to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sides
22
Cis Face of Golgi Stacks
usually near the endoplasmic reticulum, a vesicle from the ER can add its membrane and lumen contents to the cis face by fusing with a golgi membrane on that side
23
Lysosomes
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules, lysosomal enzymes work best in the lysosomal acidic environment, leaking lysosomes have little impact due to near neutral pH of cytosol
24
Phagocytosis
amoebas and other unicellular protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms and food particles
24
Food Vacuole
fuses with a lysosome where enzymes digest food
25
Vacuoles
large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, vacuolar membrane is selective in transporting solutes
25
Water Vacuoles
present in unicellular protists living in fresh water, pumps excess water in and out of a cell
25
Autography
lysosomes using their hydrolytic enzyme to recycle the cells own organic materials, a damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol becomes surrounded by a double membrane and a lysosome fuses with the outer membrane of the vesicle
26
Cellular Respiration
process of using oxygen to produce ATP by extracting energy from sugars and fats
26
Mitochondria
converts energy to forms that cells can use for work, site of cellular respiration
26
Central Vacuole
in most mature plant cells, develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles, plays a major role in the growth of plant cells which enlarge as the vacuole absorbs water and enables the cell to become larger
27
Chloroplasts
found in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis, converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and synthesizing sugar from CO2 to H2O
28
Endosymbiont Theory
states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cells, forming a relationship with the host cell, becoming a cell living within another cell. A host cell and its endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with the endosymbiont becoming a mitochondria
29
Cristae
infoldings of the inner mitochondria membrane
30
Intermembrane Space
narrow region between inner and outer membrane
31
Mitochondrial Matrix
enclosed by the inner membrane, contains many different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes, enzymes in the matrix catalyze cellular respiration
32
Chloroplasts
contain green pigment chlorophyll, enzymes, and molecules that help with photosynthetic production of sugar
33
Thylakoids
another membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs, found inside chloroplasts, aid in photosynthesis
34
Granum
name for each stack of thylakoids
35
Stroma
fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes along with many enzymes
36
Plastids
closely related to chloroplasts, a plant organelle
37
Amyloplast
type of plastid, stores starch in the form of amylose in roots and tubers
38
Chromoplast
type of plastid, pigment that gives fruit and flowers orange and yellow hues
39
Peroxisome
specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane, contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms and turn them into various substances and transfers them into oxygen, produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
40
Glyoxysomes
specialized peroxisome, found in fat storing tissues of seeds, contains enzymes that catalyze conversion of fatty acids to sugar
41
Cytoskeleton
network of fibers floating through the cytoplasm
42
Roles of the Cytoskeleton
gives mechanical support to the cell, stabilizes the cell by balancing between opposing forces exerted by its elements, provides anchorage for organelles, can be broken down and rebuilt as needed to change the shape of a cell
43
Motor Proteins
motility of a cell usually requires interaction with motor proteins and other things
44
Components of the Cytoplasm
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
45
Microfilaments
actin filaments, thin solid rods, twisted double chain of actin subunits, seem to be present in all eukaryotic cells
46
Microtubules
thickest in diameter, hollow rods made up of globular proteins called tubulins, each microtubule is a dimer, grow in length by adding dimers but can also be disassembled, two ends are different and can catch and release tubulin at different rates, involved in separation of chromosomes
47
Intermediate Filaments
named for their diameter in between microtubules and microfilaments, only found in the cells of some animals, diverse class of cytoskeletal elements, more permanent within a cell, make up nuclear lamina
48
Centrosome
where microtubules grow out from, often found near the nucleus
48
Centrioles
within the centrosome, 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring, serve as the cells skeletal system
49
Flagella and CIlia
cellular extensions where microtubules are contained, most cilia usually occur in large numbers on the surface of a cell, only one or a few flagella per cell, propel through water
50
Cortex
outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell
51
Cytoplasmic Streaming
a circular flow of cytoplasm within a cell, speeds up the movement of organelles and distribution of cellular materials
52
Cell Wall
extra cellular structure of plant cells, protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, prevents excess uptake of water, strong walls hold the plant upright against gravity, much thicker than plasma membrane
53
Primary Cell Wall
flexible and thin wall of young plant cells
54
Middle Lamella
thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins, glues adjacent cells together, when the cells stop growing it strengthens its walls
55
Secondary Cell Walls
between plasma membrane and cell wall, strong and durable matrix that protects and supports a cell
56
Extracellular Matrix
ECM, filled with glycoproteins and other carb containing molecules secreted by animal cells
57
Collagen
most abundant glycoprotein in most animal ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cell
58
Proteoglycans
where collagen fibers are embedded, consists of small core proteins with a lot of carb chains covalently attached
59
Fibronectin
glycoproteins that makes cells attach to the ECM
60
Plasmodesmata
perforate cell walls, plasma cells of adjacent cells line the channel of each plasmodesma and thus are continuous, unify most of the plant into one by joining adjacent cells together

AP Bio (12 decks)

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