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AP Bio > Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecules

A

large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, huge in size, chain-like molecules called polymers

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2
Q

Polymers

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical blocks linked by covalent bonds

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3
Q

Monomers

A

smaller molecules in repeating units that serve as building blocks for polymers

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4
Q

Enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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5
Q

Condensation reaction

A

reaction that connects monomers to polymers, two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule

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6
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

reaction resulting in the loss of a water molecule

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7
Q

Polysaccharide

A

more than two monosaccharides linked together, macromolecule, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides, structure and function is determined by its monosaccharides and position of its glycosidic linkages

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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

reaction in which polymers are broken down into monomers, essentially the reverse of a dehydration reaction, bind between monomers is broken down by the addition of water molecules

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8
Q

4 Major Classes of Large Biological Molecules

A

sugars, proteins, lipids, phospholipids, steroids (check notes to read about each one)

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9
Q

Disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides linked together

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10
Q

Glycosidic Linkages

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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11
Q

Storage Polysaccharide

A

starch, polymer of glucose monomers, synthesizing starch creates glucose which is stored as energy

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12
Q

Glycogen

A

polymer of glucose stored in animals that branches off more than 6 times, mostly in muscle and liver cells, breakdown of glycogen releases glucose for energy, comes from carbs in food

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13
Q

Chitin

A

carb used by arthropods (spiders, insects, crustaceans) that forms the exoskeleton and hardens it over time

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14
Q

Structural Polysaccharide

A

cellulose, major component to the tough walls of plant cells

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15
Q

Fat

A

large molecules formed by smaller moleculse through a dehydration reaction, consists of a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids

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16
Q

Glycerol

A

an alcohol with each of its 3 carbons bearing a hydroxyl group

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17
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen bond on each double bonded carbon

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17
Q

Ester Linkage

A

a bond between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group

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17
Q

Fatty Acid

A

has a long carbon skeleton of ususally 16-18 carbon atoms, carbon at one end is part of the carboxyl group and gives it the ACID name, nonpolar hydrocarbon chains make fatty acids hydrophobic

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18
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

if there are no double bonds between carbon atoms then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton, making it saturated in hydrogen

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19
Q

Trans Double Bond

A

hydrogenating produces trans double bonds that were not naturally occurring

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20
Q

Adipose Cell

A

where mammals stock long-term food reserves, cells that swell and shrink as fat is deposited and withdrawn

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20
Q

Cis Double Bond

A

nearly every natural fatty acid is a cis double bond creating a kink in the hydrocarbon bond as it ocurrs

21
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

cushions vital organs such as the kidneys

22
Q

Phospholipids

A

major constituents of cell membranes, similar to a fat molecule but has only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of 3, tails are hydrophobic and heads are hydrophilic

23
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

when phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a double sheet later that shields the hydrophobic tails from water

24
Q

Steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

25
Q

Cholesterol

A

steroid, common component in animal cell membranes, precursor for the other steroids like vertebrate sex hormones to be synthesized, synthesized in the liver and obtained by diet

26
Q

Catalysts

A

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process of reacting

27
Q

Peptide Bond

A

bond between amino acids

28
Q

Polypeptide

A

polymer of amino acids

29
Q

Protein

A

a biologically functional molecule made up of 1 or more polypeptides, each coiled into a specific 3D structure

30
Q

Amino Acids

A

monomers, organic molecules with both an amino and carboxyl group, asymmetric carbon in the center

31
Q

Polypeptides

A

dehydration reaction joins two amino acids when they are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, range from a few amino acids to 1000+, each side of the polypeptide chain has a free amino acid group called the N-terminus and the other side has a free carboxyl group called the C-terminus

32
Q

Globular Proteins

A

roughly spherical

33
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

long fiber shape

34
Q

4 Superimposed Levels of Protein Structure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

35
Q

Primary Structure

A

a protein sequence of amino acids similar to letters making up a word, order is determined not by random but by inherited genetic information

36
Q

Secondary Structure

A

result of hydrogen bonds repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone, region stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

37
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains, overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains of various amino acids

38
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

association of 2 or more polypeptides, overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

39
Q

Heme

A

non polypeptide unit

40
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

inherited blood disorder, caused by substitution of amino acid valine for the normal glutamic acid at the 6th amino acid positon in the primary hemoglobin structure, causes deformed half moon shaped red blood cells

41
Q

Denaturation

A

protein unraveling and changing shape due to weak chemical bonds and interactions with a bond causing destruction, renders the protein biologically inactive, happens mostly if proteins are transferred from an aqueous environment to a nonpolar solvent or heat agitates the chain

42
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, enables living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation on

43
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, enables living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation on

44
Q

Gene Expression

A

DNA controls RNA and through RNA, controls protein synthesis

45
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, DNA can direct the synthesis of mRNA but mRNA tells your DNA how to make specific proteins

46
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, in the cytoplasm

47
Q

Polynucleotides

A

name for nucleic acids that are macromolecules existing as polymers

48
Q

Nucleotide Components

A

pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

49
Q

Nucleoside

A

portion of nucleotide without a phosphate

50
Q

Pyrimidine

A

one of the two families of nitrogenous bases, has one six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, pyrimidine members are Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)

51
Q

Purine

A

other nitrogenous base family, larger with a 6 membered ring attached to a 5 membered ring of carbon and nitrogen, puring members are Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

52
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, brings amino acids to the ribosome during the synthesis of a polypeptide

53
Q

DNA Sequencing

A

determining the sequence of nucleotides along DNA strands

54
Q

Genome

A

entire sequence of the full complements of DNA

55
Q

Bioinformatics

A

the use of computers to analyze large sets of data

AP Bio (12 decks)

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