Chapter 1 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Emergent Properties

A

a characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of a bigger system, emerge due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

contains membrane enclosed organelles, animal cell, very complex

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3
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

lacks a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles, smaller and less complex than eukaryotes

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4
Q

Systems Biology

A

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts, a system can be a single leaf cell, systems biology allows us to pose questions of how molecular interactions affect our bodies or how we influence atmospheric carbon dioxide affect on the ecosystem and biosphere

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5
Q

Genes

A

each section of DNA of the chromosome, encodes necessary information to build all molecules synthesized within a cell, establishing a cells identity

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6
Q

Structure of DNA

A

2 long strands in a double helix, chains made up of 4 kinds of chemical building blocks (nucleotides) ATCG (U in RNA), sequence of nucleotides provides the blueprint for making proteins

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7
Q

RNA

A

helps with producing protein encoded genes that control protein production indirectly, sequencing of nucleotides along a gene is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into amino acids

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8
Q

Amino Acids

A

chain forms a specific protein with unique shape and function

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9
Q

Genome

A

the entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

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10
Q

Genome Sequence

A

entire sequence of nucleotides for a representative member of a species

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11
Q

Genomics

A

the study of structure, function, and mapping of genomes

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12
Q

Proteomics

A

the study of a set of proteins and their properties

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13
Q

Bioinformatics

A

the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data resulting from high throughput methods

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14
Q

Solar to Chemical Energy

A

a plant absorbs sunlight, sunlight is absorbed by molecules within the leaves, leaves convert energy of sunlight to chemical energy foods like sugar, chemical energy in food molecules is passed from plants and other photosynthetic organisms to consumers, energy is lost to hear from performing, therefore energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction

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15
Q

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

A

-prokaryotes are unicellular but eukaryotes are multicellular
-eukaryotes are much bigger than prokaryotes
-DNA in eukaryotes is in the nucleus but DNA in prokaryotes is in the cytoplasm

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16
Q

Feedback Regulation

A

key ability of many biological processes to self regulate in order to work smoothly

17
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

a loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus

18
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

a loop in which an end product speeds up the initial stimulus to completion

19
Q

Climate Change

A

a directional change to the global climate that lasts 3+ decades from their ancestors a st

20
Q

Evolution

A

a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to species diversity over time, but they have unity as they have all descended from a common ancestor

21
Q

3 Domains of Organisms and Their Cell Type

A

-Bacteria: prokaryotic
-Archaea: prrokaryotic
-Eukarya: eukaryotic

22
Q

4 Subgroups of Organisms

A

-Kingdom Plantae: produce their own sugars and food by photosynthesis
-Kingdom Fungae: absorb dissolved nutrients in their surroundings
-Kingdom Animalia: eat and digest other organisms (humans)
-Protists: single cell organism more closely related to other protists than plants or animals