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BIOL186 > Chapter 6 - A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

define cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells and the products of cells; all cells come only from pre-existing cells via cell division

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2
Q

list three types of microscopes

A

light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopes

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3
Q

prokaryotic cell size vs eukaryotic cell size

A

prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

why are cells so small?

A

surface area becomes a limiting factor

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5
Q

describe prokaryotic cells

A

“small and simple”; lack a nucleus, ribosomes and cell wall differ from those of eukaryotes; capsule: sticky outer coat; fimbriae projections

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6
Q

describe eukaryotic cells

A

(eukaryotes: animals, plants, fungi, protists) cells contain membrane-bounded organelles and membranous structures; most cells are small

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7
Q

define organelles

A

the site of cellular metabolism; they increases membrane area

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8
Q

what is the role of the nucleus?

A

stores, protects, replicates, and expresses genetic information - often the largest organelle

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9
Q

define nuclear envelope

A

double membrane around the nucleus (the space between membranes is the perinuclear space)

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10
Q

define nucleoplasm

A

contains chromatin (DNA and protein) and one or more nucleoli (for ribosome synthesis)

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11
Q

define nuclear lamina

A

near the inner nuclear membrane; gives shape to the nucleus; consists of proteins called lamins

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12
Q

define nuclear matrix

A

framework of fibres throughout the nucleus

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13
Q

describe ribosomes

A

one of the required components necessary for the synthesis of protein; two subunits, composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA); not surrounded by membrane; may be free or bound to ER

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14
Q

what do free ribosomes do?

A

located in cytosol; make proteins that will be active in cytosol, chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleoplasm, peroxisomes

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15
Q

what do bound ribosomes do?

A

bound to the ER, make proteins that will be active in endomembrane system and extracellular areas

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16
Q

define the endomembrane system

A

a system of membranes whose members are in direct contact with one another or which engage in vesicular traffic with one another

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17
Q

what is part of the endomembrane system?

A

nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

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18
Q

define endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

a network of tubes and sacs

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19
Q

define smooth ER and its role

A

lacks bound ribosomes, functions include: lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxifies many drugs and poisons

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20
Q

define rough ER and its role

A

has bound ribosomes, functions include: protein synthesis, protein sorting, protein modification, membrane biogenesis

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21
Q

define golgi apparatus

A

a series of flattened sacs and associated vesicles; contains cis and trans cisternae (cis golgi network is receiving; trans golgi network is shipping)

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22
Q

golgi apparatus roles

A

protein sorting, protein processing, addition and modification of olgiosaccharides to glycoproteins and glycolipids, biogenesis of lysosomes

23
Q

define vesicles and their role

A

transport substances from one part of the endomembrane system to another; arise as part of the endomembrane system; motor proteins move vesicles along microtubule tracks

24
Q

define lysosomes

A

compartments in animal cells that contain acid hydrolases; maintain and acidic pH of 5

25
Q

define heterophagy

A

digestion of material brought into the cell from the environment

26
Q

define autophagy

A

digestion of the cells own materials

27
Q

list the functions of vacuoles

A

occupies space (holds water and provides cheap growth to the plant); performs hydrolytic functions; important in maintaining cell turgor pressure; stores various substances

28
Q

define central vacuole

A

quite large, occupying most of the volume of mature plant cells and many fungal cells

29
Q

define mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration: perform most of the oxidations that provide energy in the form of ATP for the cell

30
Q

describe mitochondria and their functions

A

double membrane; inner mitochondrial membrane; mitochondrial matrix (site of the citric acid cycle); its own circular DNA; multiply by binary fission; incapable of independent existence

31
Q

define and describe chloroplasts

A

types of plastids that perform photosynthesis in plants and algae - green due to chlorophyll; double membrane; thylakoids may be stacked; circular DNA; multiply by binary fission

32
Q

define thylakoid membrane

A

site of light absorption and light-induced electron transport that produces ATP and NADPH

33
Q

define stroma

A

site of the Calvin cycle

34
Q

define chemiosmosis

A

energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP

35
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria arose two billion years ago from bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells

36
Q

define peroxisomes and their roles

A

belong to a group of organelles collectively called microbodies; single membrane; involved in various catabolic oxidative processes that remove hydrogen from organic molecules and transfer it to O2, forming hydrogen peroxide; not part of the endomembrane system

37
Q

define the cytoskeleton

A

contitutes the “bones and muscles” of the cell; extensive, dynamic network of protein filaments and associated proteins in eukaryotic cells

38
Q

list the functions of the cytoskeleton

A

support, organization, motility (holds organelles in place, maintains and changes cell shape, transmits signals from cell surface to cell interior)

39
Q

list the components of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments (all made of proteins)

40
Q

describe microtubules (MTs)

A

hollow fibres 25nm in diameter; dynamic: can polymerize, depolymerize, or remain stable

41
Q

define microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)

A

nucleation sites for polymerization

42
Q

what motor proteins are associated with MTs?

A

dyneins and kinesins (they “walk” along MTs in an ATP-dependent manner, which can generate “sliding” effects between adjacent MTs, and can carry cargo along MTs)

43
Q

where do dyneins move their cargo along MTs?

A

toward the cell center

44
Q

where do kinesins move their cargo along MTs?

A

away from the cell center

45
Q

define microfilaments

A

polymerized actin molecules (solid rods of 7nm diameter) - the associated motor proteins are myosins

46
Q

list the roles if microfilaments

A

structural support of cells and cell extensions, cell crawling, cycloisis (movement of cytoplasm in the cell)

47
Q

define intermediate filaments

A

a diverse group of filaments 8-12nm in diameter; tough, durable fibres involved in support function only, extensive network in cytosol

48
Q

define plant cell walls

A

cellulose microfibrils in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins

49
Q

list the functions of cell walls

A

protection, maintenance of shape, prevention of excess water uptake

50
Q

describe the animal cell surface

A

intercellular junctions; tight junctions (diffusion barrier), desmosomes (anchoring junctions), gap junctions (communication junctions)

51
Q

describe the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and other proteins cross-linked to one-another by extracellular adhesion proteins

52
Q

how is the ECM connected to the plasma membrane

A

linked via cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

53
Q

list the functions of the ECM

A

anchorage, support, tissue formation, gene expression

BIOL186 (11 decks)

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