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BIOL186 > Chapter 35 & 36 - Plant Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 35 & 36 - Plant Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is one very important reason that plants are unusual?

A

they live in a box, making up the cell wall - plant cells cant move which is beneficial in a specific aspect

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2
Q

photoautotrophic definition

A

“self-feeding” organisms; direct use of the suns energy as a carbon source - eg. plants

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3
Q

chemoheterotrophic definition

A

organisms whose energy and carbon source comes from energy-rich organic substances - eg. animals

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4
Q

growth in plants vs animals

A

plants have indeterminate growth (can continue to grow almost indefinitely) while animals have determinate (limited growth)

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5
Q

why can plants never develop any cancer?

A

cancer cells can break off and move throughout the animal body, but because there are no moving cells in plants, the cancer cannot spread like that

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6
Q

trace the evolution of plant diversity down to flowers and fruits plants

A

ancestral green alga -> vascular tissue -> seeds -> flowers and fruits

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7
Q

what are the three subsections of nonvascular plants?

A

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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8
Q

what are the two subsections of vascular plants?

A

seedless vascular plants and seed plants

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9
Q

what are the two subsections of seedless vascular plants?

A

lycophytes (club mosses, spikemosses, quillworts) and monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

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10
Q

what are the two subsections of seed plants?

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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11
Q

what type of plant are the majority of plants?

A

angiosperms (flowering plants)

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12
Q

what are the most common type of angiosperms (flowering plants)

A

monocots and eudicots

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13
Q

define cotyledon

A

the first leaf that a plant makes

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14
Q

what characteristics define monocots?

A

one cotyledon, veins in leaves are parallel, vascular bundles are arranged in a complex way, floral parts are usually in multiples of three, and fibrous root system

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15
Q

what characteristics define eudicots?

A

two cotyledons, veins in leaves are branches, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, floral parts are usually in multiples of four or five, and taproot usually present

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16
Q

what are the three types of simple tissues in plants?

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

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17
Q

trace cells to plants

A

cells -> tissue -> tissue systems -> organs -> plant

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18
Q

define simple tissues

A

made up of only one cell type

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19
Q

define complex tissues

A

made up of multiple cell types

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20
Q

what defines parenchyma cells?

A

very common in plants, alive at maturity, surrounded by a thin and flexible primary cell wall (cellulose only), shape: isodiametric; connected to other parenchyma cells only in some parts

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21
Q

functions of parenchyma cells

A

most of the metabolic functions of a plant: photosynthesis, storage, seed dispersal, wound repair; and a specialized function: aeration of roots in water -> aerenchyma

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22
Q

in flooded areas, how do plant roots get oxygen?

A

the roots basically suffocate

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23
Q

define aerenchyma

A

“air tubes” from parenchyma to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in suffocated root cells

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24
Q

what defines collenchyma cells?

A

common only in a few plant families, alive at maturity, unevenly thickened primary cell walls, shape: longer than wide (elongated), flexible and elastic

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25
Q

functions of collenchyma cells

A

flexible support without restraining growth

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26
Q

what type of cell does celery have a lot of?

A

collenchyma cells

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27
Q

does the structural support only depend on the cell wall of collenchyma cells?

A

cellulose walls provide some support, turgor pressure does the rest

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28
Q

what defines sclerenchyma cells?

A

thin primary cell wall and a very rigid secondary cell wall with lignin; inflexible and inelastic, dead at maturity

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29
Q

what are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

A

fibres and sclereids

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30
Q

what defines the primary cell wall?

A

laid down by the cell immediately after cell division; made up of mostly carbohydrates (cellulose) and some proteins

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31
Q

what defines the secondary cell wall?

A

similar to the primary cell wall, but more structured; lignin (an aromatic polymer)

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32
Q

what is the function of secondary cell walls?

A

imagine the primary cell wall as a piece of paper, and the secondary cell wall makes it a piece of wood

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33
Q

list the functions of sclereids

A

stone cells in pears (gritty texture), hardness of nutshells and seed coats, defense against predators

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34
Q

what are the commercial uses of fibres (sclerenchyma)?

A

rope, clothing, linen, MDF boards (wood fibres), bioplastics

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35
Q

what are the commercial uses of sclereids (sclerenchyma)

A

walnut shells are used as an abrasive to clean cars/surfaces without damaging underlying material, or cosmetics

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36
Q

what are the two types of complex tissues?

A

xylem and phloem

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37
Q

what defines xylem?

A

composed of living (parenchyma), dead (sclerenchyma), and tracheary elements (two types - both dead) cells, involved in the transport of water from roots to cells

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38
Q

define tracheary elements

A

vessel elements and tracheids

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39
Q

define vessel elements

A

found in most angiosperms; wider, shorter, and thinner walled than tracheids; aligned end-to-end to form micro-pipes

40
Q

define tracheids

A

in all vascular plants; dead at maturity - long, thin cells with tapered ends, water moves through pits

41
Q

what is the role of parenchyma cells in xylem?

A

unloading of minerals from vessels and tracheids; active transport of solutes including hormones (the hormone auxin, which controls development and inhibits branching)

42
Q

what is the role of sclerenchyma in xylem?

A

structural support, and fibres (sclereids)

43
Q

what are the functions of xylem?

A

tracheary elements (transports water upwards (passive), transports some minerals upwards (passive)), xylem parenchyma (transports plant solutes (active transport downwards), defense, wound healing, store carbohydrates), xylem sclerenchyma (structural support)

44
Q

what is the phloem composed of?

A

composed of living (parenchyma) and dead (sclerenchyma) cells and sieve elements (alive(ish))

45
Q

sieve elements of the phloem

A

sieve-tube elements connected via sieve plates - alive but missing a nucleus and ribosomes (the “living dead”) - very good at solute transport

46
Q

parenchyma cells in the phloem

A

sieve-tube elements paired with a companion cell which provide the necessities of life to sieve elements, and unload organic compounds and some minerals

47
Q

what are the functions of the phloem?

A

sieve elements (transport organic compounds upwards and downwards (passive), and plant hormones), phloem parenchyma (unloading of compounds (active) and supporting sieve elements), sclerenchyma (structural stability, defense)

48
Q

define tissue

A

composed of one or more cell types that together perform a function

49
Q

define a tissue system

A

multiple tissues come together to perform one function

50
Q

where is dermal tissue found?

A

always on the outside (epidermis/bark)

51
Q

what are the two organ systems in plants?

A

shoot system and root system

52
Q

what are the four plant organs?

A

roots, stems, leaves, reproductive organs

53
Q

list examples of where vascular tissue is found in plants

A

root: vascular cylinder in the middle, shoot: vascular bundles, leaf: network of veins

54
Q

list examples of where ground tissue is found in plants

A

stem: cortex and pith, root: cortex and pith, leaf: mesophyll: palisade and spongy tissue

55
Q

where does root growth occur?

A

at the tips of roots; cell division really only takes place in the root tips and pushed the root forward

56
Q

what type of growth do roots and stems have?

A

indeterminate growth

57
Q

list the basic functions of roots

A

anchorage, uptake of water and nutrients

58
Q

what are mitotic cells?

A

cells undergoing cell division

59
Q

what are in the zone of differentiation?

A

root hairs and vascular tissue

60
Q

what is the root cap?

A

a set of new cells that primarily function in protecting the root zone of cell division and lubricating the soil

61
Q

what does the apical meristem do?

A

cell division (growth)

62
Q

what does the zone of elongation do?

A

cell elongation and initiate differentiation into three major tissues (dermal, ground, and vascular)

63
Q

define the endodermis

A

living cylinder of cells that acts as a barrier to apoplastic fluids

64
Q

simple vs compound leaf

A

a simple leaf has a single, undivided blade, while a compound leaf has a blade consisting of multiple leaflets

65
Q

list the parts of a leaf

A

blade and petiole; and every leaf has a connection to an axillary bud

66
Q

what is the main functions of leafs?

A

photosynthesis, which occurs in parenchyma cells

67
Q

what is the function of guard cells?

A

form an opening for gas exchange and transport to take place

68
Q

from a plants perspective, list the advantages of living on land

A

light is not limiting, oxygen and carbon dioxide are more plentiful (easier resources)

69
Q

from a plants perspective, list the challenges of living on land

A

gravity has to be overcome, water is less plentiful, water/nutrients at different locations than gases, dispersal of gametes/offspring, different stressors (UV, temperature fluctuations, etc.)

70
Q

list some adaptations plants have made to living on land (to maintain moisture)

A

water transport systems (vascular systems), cuticle/stomata to regulate water loss, pollen grains/seeds resistant to desiccation,

71
Q

list some adaptations plants have made to living on land (reproduction and dispersal)

A

animal pollination/fruits, more targeted pollen/seed dispersal

72
Q

list some adaptations plants have made to living on land (to obtain resources, support against gravity, and stress)

A

larger leaves to increase photosynthesis, larger plants, shoot and root system, transport systems (xylem/phloem), support of plant body (thicker cells walls and lignin), secondary metabolites

73
Q

what was the first evolutionary advantage in plants?

A

increased water transport system/infrastructure -> in small plants about 400 million years ago - no leaves, upward growth, but not to increase photosynthetic surface, due to new lignified xylem tissue

74
Q

summarize xylem transport

A

uptake of water and minerals from roots, upward transport in xylem, transpiration drive xylem sap upwards

75
Q

summarize phloem transport

A

gas exchange (uptake of oxygen, release of CO2 in the roots), from source to sink transport in phloem, photosynthesis produces sugars

76
Q

why is the vascular system important for upward growth in vascular plants?

A

non-vascular plants lack lignin and are thus limited in how tall they grow (no vascular systems) - transport water largely by diffusion

77
Q

how are trees growing tall?

A

primary growth via apical meristems -> initiated at the root

78
Q

describe primary growth

A

primary growth is limited to the tips of growing shoots and roots - then cells differentiate and cell division stops

79
Q

how are trees growing in thickness?

A

via lateral meristems: vascular and cork cambium (secondary growth)

80
Q

primary vs secondary growth

A

secondary growth starts after primary growth stops (primary growth -> grow tall, secondary growth -> grow thick)

81
Q

when is xylem added the most?

A

during secondary growth -> “secondary xylem” is wood

82
Q

how are vascular bundles organized in eudicots?

A

in a ring (primary phloem outside, primary xylem inside)

83
Q

what is the vascular cambium?

A

between the phloem and xylem and extends

84
Q

what is the cork cambium?

A

secondary dermal tissue (cork)

85
Q

why do we see tree rings?

A

growth ceases during winter, then the cycle starts again in the spring and occurs very rapidly through that season and the summer

86
Q

where does all growth start?

A

apical meristem of stem

87
Q

describe an annual plant

A

herbaceous plant, mostly composed of a primary body (developed from an embryo)

88
Q

describe a perennial plant

A

shrubs and trees, composed of primary and secondary tissues

89
Q

water an nutrients in the plant body move via three pathways

A

apoplastic (easy), symplastic (easy), and/or transmembrane (crossing lipid bilayer more than once - not easy)

90
Q

describe active transport

A

proton pump creates membrane potential (pH gradient)

91
Q

describe co-transport of ions/nitrates with protons

A

mineral uptake into roots - against their chemical gradient into the cell

92
Q

describe passive transport

A

ion channels - do not depend on protons, may be gated

93
Q

define aquaporins

A

bidirectional channel proteins that allow only water molecules to pass in single file at a rate of 3 billion per second

94
Q

define water potential

A

potential energy of water under given conditions compared to pure water under reference conditions (determines direction of water flow)

95
Q

what is the water use by trees?

A

500L to 2,000L daily (if water is not limited)

96
Q

describe water uptake in the roots

A

water enters at the root hairs, pathway along the apoplastic or symplastic route in the root hair (in the xylem, apoplastic only, in the casparian strip, symplastic only)

97
Q

describe water loss in leaves

A

water exits through the stomata -> water and minerals transported in the xylem by bulk flow is driven by transpiration in leaves (very steep water vapour gradient)

BIOL186 (11 decks)

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