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CSCS Vocab & Concepts > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of cardiovascular system

A

deliver oxygen and nutrients

remove waste and metabolites

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2
Q

cardiac output

A

blood pumped measured in L/min

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

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3
Q

stroke volume

A

blood ejected with each beat

measured in milliliters

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4
Q

cardiac output acute response to aerobic exercise

relative & absolute values

A

4x increase

from 5L/min to 20-22L/min

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5
Q

what VO2 max does stroke volume plateau

A

40% - 50%

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6
Q

maximal stroke volume for men - sedentary vs trained

A

100-120ml avg sedentary

150-160ml avg trained

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7
Q

2 physiological factors responsible for regulating stroke volume

A
  • end diastolic volume

- epinephrines producing a more forceful contraction

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8
Q

end diastolic volume

A

the volume of blood available to be pumped by left ventricle at end of diastole

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9
Q

venous return

A

the amount of blood returning to the heart (important for increase in stroke volume and end diastolic volume)

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10
Q

3 mechanisms contributing to increased venous return

A

venoconstriction, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

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11
Q

Frank Starling mechanism

A

the more a muscle is stretched, the greater the force of contraction

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12
Q

ejection fraction

& what increases it

A

the fraction of end diastolic volume ejected from heart

stronger contractions from Frank Starling mechanism

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13
Q

how to measure maximal heart rate

A

220 - age

+/- 10-12

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14
Q

heart rate vs intensity graphic relationship

A

linear increase

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15
Q

oxygen uptake

A

the amount of oxygen consumed by the body’s tissues

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16
Q

3 components of oxygen demand

A

mass of exercising muscle, metabolic efficiency, exercise intensity

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17
Q

maximal oxygen uptake

&significance

A

the greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level for the entire body

the most widely accepted measure of cardio respiratory fitness

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18
Q

2 factors of capacity to use oxygen

A
  • the ability of heart and body to transport O2

- the ability of body tissues to use it

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19
Q

1MET (metabolic equivalent)

& amount

A

resting oxygen uptake

3.5ml of O2 per kg of body weight per minute

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20
Q

max O2 uptake range (METs)

A

7.1 - 22.9 METs

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21
Q

Fick equation

A

VO2 = Q (cardiac output) x a-vO2 difference

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22
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

blood pressure against arterial walls when blood is ejected

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23
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction

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24
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure against arterial walls when no contraction

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25
Q

diastole

A

ventricular relaxation

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26
Q

resting avg systolic vs diastolic BP

A

110-139mmHg - systolic

60-89mmHg - diastolic

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27
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

average blood pressure throughout cardiac cycle

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28
Q

max systolic BP during exercise

A

220-260mmHg

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29
Q

2 mechanisms for regulating regional blood flow

A

vasoconstriction

vasodilation

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30
Q

% blood flow to skeletal muscle at rest vs during exercise

A

15%-20% at rest

up to 90% during exercise

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31
Q

minute ventilation

A

the volume of air breathed per minute

32
Q

factors of minute ventilation

A

depth of breathing, frequency of breathing

33
Q

breathing frequency at rest vs during exercise

A

12-15 per minute at rest

35-45 per minute during exercise

34
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

35
Q

tidal volume at rest vs during exercise

A

.4L to 1L at rest

3L+ during exercise

36
Q

minute ventilation increase at rest vs during exercise

RELATIVE

A

15x-25x

37
Q

ventilatory equivalent

A

the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen uptake

38
Q

2 metabolic causes of ventilation increase

A

increased oxygen uptake

increased CO2 production

39
Q

alveoli

A

unit of pulmonary system where gas exchange occurs

40
Q

anatomical dead space

A

areas of respiratory system not functional for gas exchange (nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)

41
Q

physiological dead space

A

alveoli with impairments

42
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of CO2 and O2 across a cell membrane

43
Q

cause of diffusion

A

pressure gradients of gases between blood and tissue

44
Q

hemoglobin content and oxygen content in 100ml of blood

A

15g-16g hemoglobin

20ml oxygen

45
Q

process of blood removal of CO2

A

CO2 + H2O –> bicarbonate

bicarbonate is carried to the lungs by blood plasma

46
Q

blood removal of lactic acid

A

cori cycle

47
Q

chronic cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training

increases and decreases

A

increase: max cardiac output, stroke volume, muscle fiber capillary density
reduce: HR at rest & during exercise

48
Q

primary mechanism for increasing O2 uptake

A

increasing cardiac output

49
Q

aerobic endurance training effect on SA node discharge rate

A

slows due to increase in parasympathetic tone

50
Q

most significant change in cardiovascular function with long-term aerobic endurance training

A

increase in max cardio output via improved stroke volume

51
Q

chronic respiratory system adaptations to aerobic exercise

A

increased tidal volume

52
Q

chronic neural adaptations to aerobic exercise

A
  • increased efficiency

- rotation of neural activity in synergists and motor units

53
Q

chronic muscular adaptations to aerobic exercise

A
  • higher maximal aerobic power and greater % intensity sustentation
  • OBLA delay to 80%-90% of VO2 max
  • increased aerobic capacity of type I & II
  • reduction of type II fiber size (if low intensity)
  • mitochondria increase size & number
54
Q

myoglobin

A

protein that transports oxygen within a cell

55
Q

mitochondria

A

organelles that produce ATP

56
Q

causes of greater % intensity sustentation

A

glycogen sparing & increased fat utilization

57
Q

causes of OBLA shift

A
  • reduced production of lactate
  • changes in hormone release
  • faster lactate removal
58
Q

key to stimulating new bone formation through aerobic exercise

A

intensity significantly higher than normal daily activities

59
Q

strategies to stimulate new bone formation and connective tissue growth through aerobic exercise

A
  • increase rate of limb movement
  • weight bearing activity on cartilage
  • moderate running program (1hr/day, 5days)
60
Q

endocrine adaptions to aerobic exercise

A

increases in circulation, receptor changes, increase in absolute secretion rates

61
Q

more physiological adaptations to endurance training

A
  • increase in max cardio output
  • increase in max oxygen consumption
  • increased running economy
  • lower blood lactate concentration
62
Q

hyperventilation

A

increase in pulmonary ventilation

63
Q

two important acute responses to high altitude

A
  • hyperventilation

- increase in cardiac output via increase in heart rate

64
Q

long-term cardiovascular altitude adaptations

increases & decreases

A
  • decreased: stroke volume, max HR, max cardiac output

- increased: capillary density

65
Q

long-term hematologic altitude adaptations

A
  • increased: red cell production (30%-50%), hemoglobin production (5%-15%)
66
Q

hyperoxic breathing

A

breathing oxygen enriched gas mixtures during rest or after exercise

67
Q

effects of smoking

A
  • airway resistance
  • cilia paralysis
  • carboxyhemoglobin formation
68
Q

blood doping

A

artificially increasing red blood cell mass

69
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

stimulates red blood cell production

70
Q

benefits of blood doping

A
  • 11% increase VO2 max
  • decreased blood lactate
  • diminishes impact of environmental conditions
71
Q

most common cause of OTS

A

continued intensified training without adequate rest

72
Q

overtraining effect on cardiovascular system

A
  • decreased OR increased heart rate

- max HR decrease

73
Q

aerobic overtraining effect on endocrine system

decrease & increase

A
  • decrease: (30% or more) in test, cortisol, GH secretion, dopamine levels
  • increase: epinephrine &norepinephrine levels
74
Q

tapering

A

planned reduction of volume (duration, frequency) of training before competition or recovery microcycle

75
Q

effect of detraining on VO2 max

short term & long term

A

short term: 4% - 14%

long term: 6% - 20%

76
Q

factors of detraining VO2 max reduction

A
  • decreased blood volume
  • decreased stroke volume
  • decreased max cardiac output
  • increased submax heart rate

CSCS Vocab & Concepts (6 decks)

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