Chapter 6 Flashcards by Timothy Watts

primary function of cardiovascular system

deliver oxygen and nutrients

remove waste and metabolites

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cardiac output

blood pumped measured in L/min

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

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stroke volume

blood ejected with each beat

measured in milliliters

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cardiac output acute response to aerobic exercise

relative & absolute values

4x increase

from 5L/min to 20-22L/min

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what VO2 max does stroke volume plateau

40% - 50%

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maximal stroke volume for men - sedentary vs trained

100-120ml avg sedentary

150-160ml avg trained

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2 physiological factors responsible for regulating stroke volume

end diastolic volume

- epinephrines producing a more forceful contraction

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end diastolic volume

the volume of blood available to be pumped by left ventricle at end of diastole

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venous return

the amount of blood returning to the heart (important for increase in stroke volume and end diastolic volume)

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3 mechanisms contributing to increased venous return

venoconstriction, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

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Frank Starling mechanism

the more a muscle is stretched, the greater the force of contraction

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ejection fraction

& what increases it

the fraction of end diastolic volume ejected from heart

stronger contractions from Frank Starling mechanism

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how to measure maximal heart rate

220 - age

+/- 10-12

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heart rate vs intensity graphic relationship

linear increase

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oxygen uptake

the amount of oxygen consumed by the body’s tissues

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3 components of oxygen demand

mass of exercising muscle, metabolic efficiency, exercise intensity

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maximal oxygen uptake

&significance

the greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level for the entire body

the most widely accepted measure of cardio respiratory fitness

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2 factors of capacity to use oxygen

the ability of heart and body to transport O2

- the ability of body tissues to use it

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1MET (metabolic equivalent)

& amount

resting oxygen uptake

3.5ml of O2 per kg of body weight per minute

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max O2 uptake range (METs)

7.1 - 22.9 METs

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Fick equation

VO2 = Q (cardiac output) x a-vO2 difference

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systolic blood pressure

blood pressure against arterial walls when blood is ejected

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systole

ventricular contraction

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diastolic blood pressure

pressure against arterial walls when no contraction

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diastole

ventricular relaxation

resting avg systolic vs diastolic BP

110-139mmHg - systolic | 60-89mmHg - diastolic

mean arterial pressure

average blood pressure throughout cardiac cycle

max systolic BP during exercise

220-260mmHg

2 mechanisms for regulating regional blood flow

vasoconstriction | vasodilation

% blood flow to skeletal muscle at rest vs during exercise

15%-20% at rest | up to 90% during exercise

minute ventilation

the volume of air breathed per minute

factors of minute ventilation

depth of breathing, frequency of breathing

breathing frequency at rest vs during exercise

12-15 per minute at rest | 35-45 per minute during exercise

tidal volume

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

tidal volume at rest vs during exercise

.4L to 1L at rest | 3L+ during exercise

minute ventilation increase at rest vs during exercise | RELATIVE

15x-25x

ventilatory equivalent

the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen uptake

2 metabolic causes of ventilation increase

increased oxygen uptake | increased CO2 production

alveoli

unit of pulmonary system where gas exchange occurs

anatomical dead space

areas of respiratory system not functional for gas exchange (nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)

physiological dead space

alveoli with impairments

diffusion

the movement of CO2 and O2 across a cell membrane

cause of diffusion

pressure gradients of gases between blood and tissue

hemoglobin content and oxygen content in 100ml of blood

15g-16g hemoglobin | 20ml oxygen

process of blood removal of CO2

CO2 + H2O --> bicarbonate | bicarbonate is carried to the lungs by blood plasma

blood removal of lactic acid

cori cycle

chronic cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training | increases and decreases

increase: max cardiac output, stroke volume, muscle fiber capillary density reduce: HR at rest & during exercise

primary mechanism for increasing O2 uptake

increasing cardiac output

aerobic endurance training effect on SA node discharge rate

slows due to increase in parasympathetic tone

most significant change in cardiovascular function with long-term aerobic endurance training

increase in max cardio output via improved stroke volume

chronic respiratory system adaptations to aerobic exercise

increased tidal volume

chronic neural adaptations to aerobic exercise

- increased efficiency | - rotation of neural activity in synergists and motor units

chronic muscular adaptations to aerobic exercise

- higher maximal aerobic power and greater % intensity sustentation - OBLA delay to 80%-90% of VO2 max - increased aerobic capacity of type I & II - reduction of type II fiber size (if low intensity) - mitochondria increase size & number

myoglobin

protein that transports oxygen within a cell

mitochondria

organelles that produce ATP

causes of greater % intensity sustentation

glycogen sparing & increased fat utilization

causes of OBLA shift

- reduced production of lactate - changes in hormone release - faster lactate removal

key to stimulating new bone formation through aerobic exercise

intensity significantly higher than normal daily activities

strategies to stimulate new bone formation and connective tissue growth through aerobic exercise

- increase rate of limb movement - weight bearing activity on cartilage - moderate running program (1hr/day, 5days)

endocrine adaptions to aerobic exercise

increases in circulation, receptor changes, increase in absolute secretion rates

more physiological adaptations to endurance training

- increase in max cardio output - increase in max oxygen consumption - increased running economy - lower blood lactate concentration

hyperventilation

increase in pulmonary ventilation

two important acute responses to high altitude

- hyperventilation | - increase in cardiac output via increase in heart rate

long-term cardiovascular altitude adaptations | increases & decreases

- decreased: stroke volume, max HR, max cardiac output | - increased: capillary density

long-term hematologic altitude adaptations

- increased: red cell production (30%-50%), hemoglobin production (5%-15%)

hyperoxic breathing

breathing oxygen enriched gas mixtures during rest or after exercise

effects of smoking

- airway resistance - cilia paralysis - carboxyhemoglobin formation

blood doping

artificially increasing red blood cell mass

erythropoietin (EPO)

stimulates red blood cell production

benefits of blood doping

- 11% increase VO2 max - decreased blood lactate - diminishes impact of environmental conditions

most common cause of OTS

continued intensified training without adequate rest

overtraining effect on cardiovascular system

- decreased OR increased heart rate | - max HR decrease

aerobic overtraining effect on endocrine system | decrease & increase

- decrease: (30% or more) in test, cortisol, GH secretion, dopamine levels - increase: epinephrine &norepinephrine levels

tapering

planned reduction of volume (duration, frequency) of training before competition or recovery microcycle

effect of detraining on VO2 max | short term & long term

short term: 4% - 14% | long term: 6% - 20%

factors of detraining VO2 max reduction

- decreased blood volume - decreased stroke volume - decreased max cardiac output - increased submax heart rate