Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
axial skeleton
A
central upper body. (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum)
no limbs
2
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
pelvis & limbs
everything that isn’t central upper body
3
Q
fibrous joints
characteristics
A
no movement
ex. skull sutures
4
Q
cartilaginous joints
characteristics
A
limited movement
ex. vertebral disks
5
Q
synovial joints
characteristics
A
allow high movement
low friction
6
Q
hyaline cartilage
A
covers ends of articulating bones in synovial joints
7
Q
synovial fluid
A
fills the capsule around synovial joints to aid low friction movement
8
Q
uniaxial joint
characteristics
A
moves on one axis
ex. elbow
9
Q
biaxial joint
characteristics
A
movement on 2 perpendicular axes
ex. wrist, ankle
10
Q
multiaxial joint
characteristics
A
movement in all 3 axes
ex. hip, shoulder
11
Q
vertebral column
characteristics
A
7 cervical (neck)
12 thoracic (upper & middle back)
5 lumbar (lower back)
5 sacral (fused) (back of pelvis)
3-5 coccygeal
12
Q
epimysium
A
outside covering of muscle
13
Q
bone periosteum
A
outside covering of bone
14
Q
tendon
A
end of muscle that attaches to bone periosteum
15
Q
proximal attachment of muscle
definition
A
closer to trunk
16
Q
distal attachment of muscle
definition
A
further from trunk
17
Q
superior attachment of muscle
definition
A
closer to head
further from feet
18
Q
inferior attachment of muscle
A
closer to feet
further from head
19
Q
muscle fiber
A
muscle cell
20
Q
muscle fiber characteristics
A
many nuclei
long
cylindrical
21
Q
fascicle
A
bundle of muscle fibers
22
Q
perimysium
A
outside covering of muscle fascicle
23
Q
endomysium
A
outside covering of muscle fiber
24
Q
sarcolemma
A
membrane of muscle fiber (muscle cell)
covers endomysium
25
motor neuron
nerve cell that innervates muscle fibers
26
neuromuscular junction
meeting spot of motor neuron and muscle fiber
| each fiber has it's own
27
motor unit
a motor neuron and all its fibers
28
sarcoplasm
| characteristics
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
| has contractile proteins, other proteins, fats, mitochondria, enzymes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, etc.
29
myofibril
made of myofilaments arranged into sarcomeres
30
myofilament
actin
myosin
31
actin
thin myofilament
(actin particles in double helix arrangement.
troponin at intervals & tropomyosin in groove)
32
myosin
| characteristics
thick myofilament
| fibrous tail, hinge, globular head
33
crossbridge
the meeting of the myosin head with the actin filament
| number of crossbridges dictates force production
34
sarcomere
contractile unit of muscle
35
sarcoplasmic reticulum
system of tubes in muscle fiber that stores calcium ions in vescicles
36
t-tubules
run perpendicular to sarcoplasmic reticulum to deliver calcium ions to depths of muscle fiber
37
action potential
electrical nerve impulse leading to contraction
38
sliding filament theory
myosin pulls actin in toward middle of sarcomere
39
troponin
high affinity to calcium ions. found on actin filament. shifts when calcium is released.
40
tropomyosin
in double helix of actin filament
| shifts when troponin shifts allowing for strong crossbridge.
41
power stroke
pulling action of myosin heads
42
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that diffuses across the neuromuscular junction when action potential arrives and excites the sarcolemma (releasing calcium)
43
all-or-none principle
all fibers in a motor unit contract. not just some
44
twitch
brief contraction from each action potential
45
tetanus
maximal fusion of twitches
46
muscle spindle
proprioceptor causing contraction when muscle is stratched
47
Golgi tendon organ
proprioceptor causing relaxation when too much tension in muscle
48
atrium
heart chamber. receives blood from body (right) and lungs (left). delivers blood to ventricles
49
ventricle
receives blood from atria. delivers blood to body (left) and lungs (right)
50
tricuspid valve
an AV (1 of 2 atrioventricular valves) between right atrium & ventricle
51
mitral valve (bicuspid)
an AV (atrioventricular valve) between left atrium & ventricle
52
systole
ventricular contraction
53
diastole
ventricular relaxation
54
aortic valve
1 of 2 semilunar valves between aorta and left ventricle
55
pulmonary valve
1 of 2 semilunar valves between pulmonary artery and right ventricle
56
sinoatrial node (SA)
| function, location
pacemaker. initiates rhythmic electric pulse. immediately spreads to atria
upper lateral wall of right atrium
57
atrioventricular node (AV)
| function, location
delays impulse from SA node slightly
posterior septal wall of right atrium
58
atrioventricular bundle (AV)
conduction fibers that send electrical impulse from AV node to ventricles via left and right bundle fibers
59
left bundle branch
splits off from AV bundle and conducts impulse deep into left ventricle
60
right bundle branch
splits off from AV bundle and conducts impulse deep into right ventricle
61
Purkinje fibers
splits off from L&R bundle branches. completely penetrates ventricles and takes electric impulse even deeper
62
sympathetic nervous system
| effect on heart
Raise heart rate (accelerates depolarization rate of the SA node)
63
parasympathetic nervous system
Lowers heart rate (SA node discharge rate)
64
brachycardia
less than 60 beats/min
65
tachycardia
more than 100 beats/min
66
ECG - electrocardiogram
graphical representation of the heart's electrical activity
67
depolarization
electrical stimulus that causes contraction
inside of membrane (- --> +)
outside of membrane (+ --> -)
68
P-Wave
shows depolarization in atrial muscle cells
69
QRS complex
shows ventricular depolarization
| atrial repolarization is obscured, but occurs here as well
70
T-wave
Shows ventricular repolarization
71
arterial system
blood away from heart
72
venous system
blood towards heart
73
arterioles
branches of arteries that regulate blood flow to capillaries
74
capillaries
site of exchange of oxygen, fluids, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, etc. between blood and body tissues
75
venules
collect blood from (and contiguous with) capillaries. turns into veins
76
hemoglobin
| function, location
iron-protein that transports oxygen
also, regulates a hydrogen ion concentration
hemoglobin is found in red blood cells
77
repolarization
recovery from state of depolarization (t-wave)
78
trachea
first generation respiratory passage.
| initial air intake location
79
red blood cells
transports oxygen via hemoglobin
helps with CO2 removal
80
bronchi
right and left
| second generation passage
81
bronchioles
| function, how many generations
about 23 generations
carry air to lungs
82
alveoli
final generation of air passages where O2 and CO2 are exchanged with blood
83
pleural pressure
the pressure between chest pleura and lung pleura (slightly negative)
84
pleura
membranes around lungs and that line chest wall
85
diffusion
molecule movements through membrane
86
alveolar pressure
the pressure inside alveoli
| <1 ATM when inhaling, >1 ATM when exhaling
87
proprioceptor
sensory receptors in joints, muscles, and tendons.
| relays information about pressure & tension subconsciously
88
extrafusal fibers
normal muscle fibers on outside of muscle belly
89
intrafusal fibers
fibers of muscle spindles located inside muscle belly
90
fast-twitch fiber
develops force and relaxes rapidly
91
slow-twitch fiber
develops force and relaxes slowly
92
myocardium
heart muscle
93
Type I fiber characteristics
```
efficient
fatigue resistant,
much aerobic energy,
low myosin ATPase activity,
low anaerobic power,
low motor neuron size,
high capillary density,
high myoglobin content,
high mitochondrial density
```
94
Type II fiber characteristics
inefficient, fatigue rapidly, low aerobic power, rapid force, high myosin ATPase activity, high anaerobic power
