Chapter 4 Flashcards
General Adaptation Syndrome
definition, steps
how the adrenal gland responds to a stressor (aka noxious stimulus)
- initial alarm with function reduction
- increase in resistance to stressor
key to beneficial adaptation
timely removal of stressor
hormone
chemical messengers/signal molecules
endocrine glands
produce, store, and secrete hormones into the blood
Main endocrine glands
- anterior Pituitary
- posterior Pituitary
- Adrenal cortex
- Adrenal medulla
- Thyroid
- paraThyroid
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Ovaries
- Testes
- Heart atrium
- Kidney
P^2 A^2 T^2 p L O T HA K
neuroendocrinology
study of interactions between nervous system and endocrine system
role of neurons in endocrine system
neurons make, store, secrete neurotransmitters that function as hormones
target tissue cells
the cells affected by hormones
neuroendocrine immunology
study of connection between neural, endocrine, and immune systems
intracrine mechanism
the cell releases the hormone to act upon the cell itself via binding to intracellular receptors. the hormone never enters blood circulation
autocrine mechanism
the cell releases hormone to act upon itself via binding to membrane receptors. the hormone never enters blood circulation
paracrine secretion
release of hormone to act on adjacent cells. doesn’t enter blood circulation
binding proteins
carry hormones in the blood and prevents decay
cause of physiological response
activation of muscle tissue
size principle
the amount of muscle tissue activated determines which physiological system responds and the size of the response for recovery
anabolic hormones
hormones that promote tissue building
catabolic hormones
hormones that metabolize proteins
polypeptide receptor location
cell membrane
location of steroid and thyroid receptors
cytosol
lock and key theory
only one type of hormone can induce a signal via a receptor
allosteric binding sites
sites where other substances and hormones can bind to receptors and can enhance or reduce cellular response
downregulation
a receptor reduces its binding sensitivity or number of receptors present (primarily after overstimulation)
3 hormone categories
- steroid
- polypeptide (peptide)
- amine
steroid hormones (origin location, 3 examples, characteristics)
- gonads, adrenal cortex
- testosterone, estradiol, cortisol
- fat soluble, passively diffuses
steroid interaction
- diffuses across sarcolemma
- forms H-RC with receptor and moves to nucleus
- interacts with DNA to synthesize protein
polypeptide hormones (construction, 2 examples, characteristics, effects)
- made of amino acid chains
- growth hormone, insulin
- not fat soluble, can’t cross membrane
- affects metabolic processes, DNA transcription, mRNA translation
amine hormones (characteristic)
- not fat soluble
acute hormonal secretions provide info regarding
- amount of physiological stress
- type of physiological stress
- metabolic demands of exercise
testosterone mechanisms for affecting muscle tissue
direct, indirect
- DIRECT*
- binds with receptors in muscle tissue
- INDIRECT*
- growth hormone release from pituitary
- influence protein changes through interactions with neurons causing increase in neurotransmitters
exercise variables that increase testosterone (5)
- large muscle group exercises
- heavy resistance
- moderate to high volume
- short rest intervals
- 2+ years of training
diurnal variation
normal fluctuations in hormone levels throughout the day
exercise variables that affect GH release
- rest (shorter)
- load (higher)
- volume (higher)
- exercise selection
factors determining size of IGF-I response to exercise
- starting concentration (lower means bigger response)
- post-exercise nutrition (carbs, proteins)
cortisol (function)
adrenal hormone that induces conversion of protein to carbohydrate for fuel.
Also inhibits immune cell function
proteolytic enzyme
breaks down protein
increased by cortisol
exercise factors inducing cortisol increase
- high volume
- short rest
positives of cortisol
helps with muscle remodeling due to role in protein breakdown
catecholamines
3 examples
epinephrine
dopamine
norepinephrine
catecholamines mechanism
- central motor stimulator
- vasodilator
- enhance enzyme systems
- enhance calcium release
catecholamines function
- increase force production
- increase muscle contraction rate
- increase BP
- increase energy availability
- increase blood flow
- increase testosterone (and other hormones) secretion
growth hormone functions
- Decreases glucose utilization
- Decreases glycogen synthesis
- Increases amino acid transport across cell membranes
- Increases protein synthesis
- Increases utilization of fatty acids
- Increases lipolysis (fat breakdown)
- Increases availability of glucose and amino acids
- Increases collagen synthesis
- Stimulates cartilage growth
- Increases retention of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus
- Increases renal plasma flow and filtration
- Promotes compensatory renal hypertrophy
- Enhances immune cell function
how to increase catecholamines
short rest
heavy resistance
how to increase growth hormone
High intensity exercise
3 sets per exercise
Shorter rest periods of 1 minute or less
And add carbs and proteins after workouts
