Chapter 4

Question 1

General Adaptation Syndrome

definition, steps

Answer 1

how the adrenal gland responds to a stressor (aka noxious stimulus)

1. initial alarm with function reduction
2. increase in resistance to stressor

Question 2

key to beneficial adaptation

Answer 2

timely removal of stressor

Question 3

hormone

Answer 3

chemical messengers/signal molecules

Question 4

endocrine glands

Answer 4

produce, store, and secrete hormones into the blood

Question 5

Main endocrine glands

Answer 5

• anterior Pituitary
• posterior Pituitary
• Adrenal cortex
• Adrenal medulla
• Thyroid
• paraThyroid
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Ovaries
• Testes
• Heart atrium
• Kidney

P^2
A^2
T^2
p
L
O
T
HA
K

Question 6

neuroendocrinology

Answer 6

study of interactions between nervous system and endocrine system

Question 7

role of neurons in endocrine system

Answer 7

neurons make, store, secrete neurotransmitters that function as hormones

Question 8

target tissue cells

Answer 8

the cells affected by hormones

Question 9

neuroendocrine immunology

Answer 9

study of connection between neural, endocrine, and immune systems

Question 10

intracrine mechanism

Answer 10

the cell releases the hormone to act upon the cell itself via binding to intracellular receptors. the hormone never enters blood circulation

Question 11

autocrine mechanism

Answer 11

the cell releases hormone to act upon itself via binding to membrane receptors. the hormone never enters blood circulation

Question 12

paracrine secretion

Answer 12

release of hormone to act on adjacent cells. doesn’t enter blood circulation

Question 13

binding proteins

Answer 13

carry hormones in the blood and prevents decay

Question 14

cause of physiological response

Answer 14

activation of muscle tissue

Question 15

size principle

Answer 15

the amount of muscle tissue activated determines which physiological system responds and the size of the response for recovery

Question 16

anabolic hormones

Answer 16

hormones that promote tissue building

Question 17

catabolic hormones

Answer 17

hormones that metabolize proteins

Question 18

polypeptide receptor location

Answer 18

cell membrane

Question 19

location of steroid and thyroid receptors

Answer 19

cytosol

Question 20

lock and key theory

Answer 20

only one type of hormone can induce a signal via a receptor

Question 21

allosteric binding sites

Answer 21

sites where other substances and hormones can bind to receptors and can enhance or reduce cellular response

Question 22

downregulation

Answer 22

a receptor reduces its binding sensitivity or number of receptors present (primarily after overstimulation)

Question 23

3 hormone categories

Answer 23

• steroid
• polypeptide (peptide)
• amine

Question 24

steroid hormones
(origin location, 3 examples, characteristics)

Answer 24

• gonads, adrenal cortex
• testosterone, estradiol, cortisol
• fat soluble, passively diffuses

Question 25

steroid interaction

Answer 25

- diffuses across sarcolemma - forms H-RC with receptor and moves to nucleus - interacts with DNA to synthesize protein

Question 26

``` polypeptide hormones (construction, 2 examples, characteristics, effects) ```

Answer 26

- made of amino acid chains - growth hormone, insulin - not fat soluble, can't cross membrane - affects metabolic processes, DNA transcription, mRNA translation

Question 27

amine hormones (characteristic)

Answer 27

- not fat soluble

Question 28

acute hormonal secretions provide info regarding

Answer 28

- amount of physiological stress - type of physiological stress - metabolic demands of exercise

Question 29

testosterone mechanisms for affecting muscle tissue | direct, indirect

Answer 29

* DIRECT* - binds with receptors in muscle tissue * INDIRECT* - growth hormone release from pituitary - influence protein changes through interactions with neurons causing increase in neurotransmitters

Question 30

exercise variables that increase testosterone (5)

Answer 30

- large muscle group exercises - heavy resistance - moderate to high volume - short rest intervals - 2+ years of training

Question 31

diurnal variation

Answer 31

normal fluctuations in hormone levels throughout the day

Question 32

exercise variables that affect GH release

Answer 32

- rest (shorter) - load (higher) - volume (higher) - exercise selection

Question 33

factors determining size of IGF-I response to exercise

Answer 33

- starting concentration (lower means bigger response) | - post-exercise nutrition (carbs, proteins)

Question 34

cortisol (function)

Answer 34

adrenal hormone that induces conversion of protein to carbohydrate for fuel. Also inhibits immune cell function

Question 35

proteolytic enzyme

Answer 35

breaks down protein | increased by cortisol

Question 36

exercise factors inducing cortisol increase

Answer 36

- high volume | - short rest

Question 37

positives of cortisol

Answer 37

helps with muscle remodeling due to role in protein breakdown

Question 38

catecholamines | 3 examples

Answer 38

epinephrine dopamine norepinephrine

Question 39

catecholamines mechanism

Answer 39

- central motor stimulator - vasodilator - enhance enzyme systems - enhance calcium release

Question 40

catecholamines function

Answer 40

- increase force production - increase muscle contraction rate - increase BP - increase energy availability - increase blood flow - increase testosterone (and other hormones) secretion

Question 41

growth hormone functions

Answer 41

- Decreases glucose utilization - Decreases glycogen synthesis - Increases amino acid transport across cell membranes - Increases protein synthesis - Increases utilization of fatty acids - Increases lipolysis (fat breakdown) - Increases availability of glucose and amino acids - Increases collagen synthesis - Stimulates cartilage growth - Increases retention of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus - Increases renal plasma flow and filtration - Promotes compensatory renal hypertrophy - Enhances immune cell function

Question 42

how to increase catecholamines

Answer 42

short rest | heavy resistance

Question 43

how to increase growth hormone

Answer 43

High intensity exercise 3 sets per exercise Shorter rest periods of 1 minute or less And add carbs and proteins after workouts