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CSCS Vocab & Concepts > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolic specificity

A

exercise modes that can “select” energy systems/metabolic pathways

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2
Q

bioenergetics

A

the understanding of macronutrient conversion into biologically usable energy

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3
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of large molecules to small molecules

associated with the release of energy

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4
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones

accomplished using energy released from catabolic reactions

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5
Q

exergonic reaction

A

energy releasing reaction

generally catabolic

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6
Q

endergonic reaction

definition, example

A

require energy input

usually anabolic process

ex: contraction of muscle

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7
Q

metabolism

A

the total of all exergonic and endergonic reactions in a biological system

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8
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

intermediate that allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions

it is necessary for muscular activity and muscular growth

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9
Q

hydrolysis

A

water molecule breaking down another molecule to yield energy

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10
Q

adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

A

enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP

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11
Q

myosin ATPase

A

catalyzes hydrolysis of ATP for crossbridge recycling

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12
Q

calcium ATPase

A

catalyzes hydrolysis of ATP to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum from vescicles

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13
Q

sodium-potassium ATPase

A

maintains sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization

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14
Q

ATP hydrolysis formula with ATPase

A

ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + H+ + Energy

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15
Q

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

product of ATP hydrolysis.

only has 2 phosphate groups

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16
Q

inorganic phosphate (Pi)

A

a byproduct of ATP hydrolysis

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17
Q

adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

A

product of ADP hydrolysis

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18
Q

anaerobic process

A

doesn’t require the presence of oxygen

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19
Q

aerobic process

A

requires oxygen

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20
Q

phosphagen system (characteristics)

A
  • anaerobic system

- relies on ATP hydrolysis and creatine phosphate breakdown

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21
Q

glycogen system

aerobic? anaerobic? substrate?

A
  • anaerobic system

- uses glucose as substrate

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22
Q

Krebs cycle

substrate? what system? how many ATP?

A
  • aerobic mechanism
  • oxidizes Acetyl-CoA (from pyruvate)
  • part of the oxidative system
  • produces 30 ATP
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23
Q

Oxidative system

when is it used, substrates

A
  • source for ATP at rest and low intensity activities

- uses carbs (30%) and fats (70%) as substrates

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24
Q

mitochondria

A

the site where aerobic energy processes occur

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25
ATP synthesis from CP (formula)
ADP + CP --> ATP + Creatine
26
creatine phosphate (CP) aka phosphocreatine (PCr)
molecule that replenishes ATP by supplying ADP with a phosphate group
27
ATP stores | storage, max reduction
- 80g - 100g in storage | - max decrease of 50% - 60%
28
adenylate kinase reaction aka myokinase reaction (formula, definition, purpose)
single enzyme reaction in phosphagen system that helps replenish ATP 2ADP -> ATP + AMP
29
glycolysis | characteristics
the breakdown of carbohydrates to resynthesize ATP - it is a multi reaction process - not as rapid as phosphagen system - higher ATP capacity than phosphagen system
30
law of mass action aka mass action effect
concentrations of reactants and/or products in solution determines direction of reaction
31
near-equilibrium reaction | examples
reaction that goes in direction dictated by reactant concentrations due to law of mass action. (adenylate kinase reaction, creatine kinase reaction, ATPase reaction)
32
pyruvate | & it's 2 paths
the end result of glycolysis 1. converted to lactate in sarcoplasm (anaerobic glycolysis) 2. shuttled to mitochondria (aerobic glycolysis)
33
anaerobic glycolysis aka fast glycolysis (& ATP yield)
occurs when pyruvate is converted to lactate produces 2ATP
34
aerobic glycolysis aka slow glycolysis
pyruvate undergoes the Krebs Cycle
35
metabolic acidosis | cause, results
H+ accumulation from ATP hydrolysis = lower intracellular pH which inhibits glycolytic reactions and disrupts calcium binding, crossbridge recycling, and enzymatic turnover
36
gluconeogenesis
the creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the body
37
Cori cycle
accumulated lactate is sent to liver and converted to glucose/glycogen. Glucose is sent to and used in muscles which produces lactate
38
formula for glycolysis when pyruvate is converted to lactate
Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP → 2Lactate + 2ATP + H2O
39
energy substrate
a substance used by the energy systems
40
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
- 2 accompany pyruvate to the mitochondria at beginning of Krebs cycle - produces 3 ATP in ETC
41
reaction formula for glycolysis when pyruvate ---> mitochondria
Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ → | 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O
42
phosphorylation
the addition of an inorganic phosphate to another molecule
43
oxidative phosphorylation
resynthesis of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain using NADH and FADH2
44
Substrate-level phosphorylation | &how many ATP
ADP --> ATP through 1 reaction (produces 4 ATP in slow glycolysis; 2 ATP in Krebs cycle)
45
glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen
46
3 important glycolytic enzymes
hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase
47
allosteric inhibition
end product of enzyme reaction binds to allosteric site on enzyme to decrease turnover rate (product formation rate)
48
allosteric activation
an activator binds to enzyme allosteric binding site which increases turnover rate
49
hexokinase | function, characteristics
catalyzes phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
50
phosphofructokinase (PFK) | function, characteristics, inhibitors?, activator?
catalyzes transition of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate which causes the cell to metabolize glucose instead of storing it as glycogen most important regulator of glycolysis. it is the rate limiting step. activated by AMP, ammonia inhibited by ATP
51
pyruvate kinase | function, inhibitors?, activators?
phosphoenolpyruvate --> pyruvate inhibited by ATP, acetyl-CoA activated by AMP, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
52
lactate threshold | definition, what VO2 max?, what system causes this)
the exercise intensity where blood lactate begins to abruptly increase. Untrained - 50% - 60% VO2 max Trained - 70% - 80% VO2 max it represents increased reliance on anaerobic mechanisms of energy production
53
onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
happens at 4mmol/L | a second increase in rate of lactate accumulation
54
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)
- produced from pyruvate in mitochondria | - produces 2 ATP in ETC
55
yield of oxidative system | total? from glucose? from glycogen?
40 total Net 38 ATP from glucose Net 39 ATP from glycogen
56
beta oxidation
series of reactions that break down free fatty acid
57
triglyceride oxidation yield
300+ ATP
58
creatine depletion
- 5-30 secs 50%-70%. and can be almost completely depleted
59
ATP depletion (max)
- 50%-60% max | - never completely depleted
60
ATP repletion (time)
3-5 minutes
61
CP repletion (time)
8 minutes
62
oxygen deficit
the anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise before the aerobic system kicks in
63
oxygen debt/Excess postexercise oxygen consumptionEPOC
the recovery O2 after exercise consumed to restore the body to preexercise conditions
64
interval training
a method that uses work:rest intervals to optimize energy transfer through bioenergetic adaptions
65
importance of work:rest ratios
allows more work to be accomplished at higher intensities with the same or less fatigue than continuous exercise
66
high-intensity interval training (HIIT)
brief repeated bouts of high intensity exercise with intermittent recovery periods
67
HIIT variables (9) | and 4 most important variables
- mode of exercise - *intensity of active segment* - *duration of active segment* - *intensity of recovery segment* - *duration of recovery segment* - number of duty cycles in each set - number of sets - rest time between sets - intensity of rest between sets
68
periodization
developing anaerobic + aerobic systems in preseason and transitioning to sport specific HIIT during season
69
combination training (cross-training) | definition, pros, cons
adding aerobic endurance training to the training of anaerobic athletes pros: enhances recovery cons: reduces strength, speed, and power performance
70
phosphagen W:R | power %, exercise time, W:R range
90% - 100% of power 5s - 30s 1:12 - 1:20
71
fast glycolysis W:R | power %, exercise time, W:R range
75% - 90% 15s - 30s 1:3 - 1:5
72
slow glycolysis W:R | power %, exercise time, W:R range
30% - 75% 1min - 3mins 1:3 - 1:4
73
oxidative system W:R | power %, exercise time, W:R range
20% - 30% >3mins 1:1 - 1:3

CSCS Vocab & Concepts (6 decks)

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