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CSCS Vocab & Concepts > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolic specificity

A

exercise modes that can “select” energy systems/metabolic pathways

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2
Q

bioenergetics

A

the understanding of macronutrient conversion into biologically usable energy

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3
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of large molecules to small molecules

associated with the release of energy

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4
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones

accomplished using energy released from catabolic reactions

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5
Q

exergonic reaction

A

energy releasing reaction

generally catabolic

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6
Q

endergonic reaction

definition, example

A

require energy input

usually anabolic process

ex: contraction of muscle

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7
Q

metabolism

A

the total of all exergonic and endergonic reactions in a biological system

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8
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

intermediate that allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions

it is necessary for muscular activity and muscular growth

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9
Q

hydrolysis

A

water molecule breaking down another molecule to yield energy

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10
Q

adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

A

enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP

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11
Q

myosin ATPase

A

catalyzes hydrolysis of ATP for crossbridge recycling

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12
Q

calcium ATPase

A

catalyzes hydrolysis of ATP to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum from vescicles

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13
Q

sodium-potassium ATPase

A

maintains sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization

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14
Q

ATP hydrolysis formula with ATPase

A

ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + H+ + Energy

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15
Q

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

product of ATP hydrolysis.

only has 2 phosphate groups

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16
Q

inorganic phosphate (Pi)

A

a byproduct of ATP hydrolysis

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17
Q

adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

A

product of ADP hydrolysis

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18
Q

anaerobic process

A

doesn’t require the presence of oxygen

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19
Q

aerobic process

A

requires oxygen

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20
Q

phosphagen system (characteristics)

A
  • anaerobic system

- relies on ATP hydrolysis and creatine phosphate breakdown

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21
Q

glycogen system

aerobic? anaerobic? substrate?

A
  • anaerobic system

- uses glucose as substrate

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22
Q

Krebs cycle

substrate? what system? how many ATP?

A
  • aerobic mechanism
  • oxidizes Acetyl-CoA (from pyruvate)
  • part of the oxidative system
  • produces 30 ATP
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23
Q

Oxidative system

when is it used, substrates

A
  • source for ATP at rest and low intensity activities

- uses carbs (30%) and fats (70%) as substrates

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24
Q

mitochondria

A

the site where aerobic energy processes occur

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25
Q

ATP synthesis from CP (formula)

A

ADP + CP –> ATP + Creatine

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26
Q

creatine phosphate (CP)
aka
phosphocreatine (PCr)

A

molecule that replenishes ATP by supplying ADP with a phosphate group

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27
Q

ATP stores

storage, max reduction

A
  • 80g - 100g in storage

- max decrease of 50% - 60%

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28
Q

adenylate kinase reaction
aka
myokinase reaction

(formula, definition, purpose)

A

single enzyme reaction in phosphagen system that helps replenish ATP

2ADP -> ATP + AMP

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29
Q

glycolysis

characteristics

A

the breakdown of carbohydrates to resynthesize ATP

  • it is a multi reaction process
  • not as rapid as phosphagen system
  • higher ATP capacity than phosphagen system
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30
Q

law of mass action
aka
mass action effect

A

concentrations of reactants and/or products in solution determines direction of reaction

31
Q

near-equilibrium reaction

examples

A

reaction that goes in direction dictated by reactant concentrations due to law of mass action.

(adenylate kinase reaction, creatine kinase reaction, ATPase reaction)

32
Q

pyruvate

& it’s 2 paths

A

the end result of glycolysis

  1. converted to lactate in sarcoplasm (anaerobic glycolysis)
  2. shuttled to mitochondria (aerobic glycolysis)
33
Q

anaerobic glycolysis
aka
fast glycolysis

(& ATP yield)

A

occurs when pyruvate is converted to lactate

produces 2ATP

34
Q

aerobic glycolysis
aka
slow glycolysis

A

pyruvate undergoes the Krebs Cycle

35
Q

metabolic acidosis

cause, results

A

H+ accumulation from ATP hydrolysis = lower intracellular pH which inhibits glycolytic reactions and disrupts calcium binding, crossbridge recycling, and enzymatic turnover

36
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

the creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the body

37
Q

Cori cycle

A

accumulated lactate is sent to liver and converted to glucose/glycogen.
Glucose is sent to and used in muscles which produces lactate

38
Q

formula for glycolysis when pyruvate is converted to lactate

A

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP → 2Lactate + 2ATP + H2O

39
Q

energy substrate

A

a substance used by the energy systems

40
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)

A
  • 2 accompany pyruvate to the mitochondria at beginning of Krebs cycle
  • produces 3 ATP in ETC
41
Q

reaction formula for glycolysis when pyruvate —> mitochondria

A

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ →

2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O

42
Q

phosphorylation

A

the addition of an inorganic phosphate to another molecule

43
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

resynthesis of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain using NADH and FADH2

44
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

&how many ATP

A

ADP –> ATP through 1 reaction

(produces 4 ATP in slow glycolysis;
2 ATP in Krebs cycle)

45
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the breakdown of glycogen

46
Q

3 important glycolytic enzymes

A

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase

47
Q

allosteric inhibition

A

end product of enzyme reaction binds to allosteric site on enzyme to decrease turnover rate (product formation rate)

48
Q

allosteric activation

A

an activator binds to enzyme allosteric binding site which increases turnover rate

49
Q

hexokinase

function, characteristics

A

catalyzes phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

50
Q

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

function, characteristics, inhibitors?, activator?

A

catalyzes transition of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate which causes the cell to metabolize glucose instead of storing it as glycogen

most important regulator of glycolysis. it is the rate limiting step.

activated by AMP, ammonia

inhibited by ATP

51
Q

pyruvate kinase

function, inhibitors?, activators?

A

phosphoenolpyruvate –> pyruvate

inhibited by ATP, acetyl-CoA

activated by AMP, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate

52
Q

lactate threshold

definition, what VO2 max?, what system causes this)

A

the exercise intensity where blood lactate begins to abruptly increase.
Untrained - 50% - 60% VO2 max
Trained - 70% - 80% VO2 max

it represents increased reliance on anaerobic mechanisms of energy production

53
Q

onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

A

happens at 4mmol/L

a second increase in rate of lactate accumulation

54
Q

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)

A
  • produced from pyruvate in mitochondria

- produces 2 ATP in ETC

55
Q

yield of oxidative system

total? from glucose? from glycogen?

A

40 total

Net 38 ATP from glucose

Net 39 ATP from glycogen

56
Q

beta oxidation

A

series of reactions that break down free fatty acid

57
Q

triglyceride oxidation yield

A

300+ ATP

58
Q

creatine depletion

A
  • 5-30 secs 50%-70%. and can be almost completely depleted
59
Q

ATP depletion (max)

A
  • 50%-60% max

- never completely depleted

60
Q

ATP repletion (time)

A

3-5 minutes

61
Q

CP repletion (time)

A

8 minutes

62
Q

oxygen deficit

A

the anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise before the aerobic system kicks in

63
Q

oxygen debt/Excess postexercise oxygen consumptionEPOC

A

the recovery O2 after exercise consumed to restore the body to preexercise conditions

64
Q

interval training

A

a method that uses work:rest intervals to optimize energy transfer through bioenergetic adaptions

65
Q

importance of work:rest ratios

A

allows more work to be accomplished at higher intensities with the same or less fatigue than continuous exercise

66
Q

high-intensity interval training (HIIT)

A

brief repeated bouts of high intensity exercise with intermittent recovery periods

67
Q

HIIT variables (9)

and 4 most important variables

A
  • mode of exercise
  • intensity of active segment
  • duration of active segment
  • intensity of recovery segment
  • duration of recovery segment
  • number of duty cycles in each set
  • number of sets
  • rest time between sets
  • intensity of rest between sets
68
Q

periodization

A

developing anaerobic + aerobic systems in preseason and transitioning to sport specific HIIT during season

69
Q

combination training (cross-training)

definition, pros, cons

A

adding aerobic endurance training to the training of anaerobic athletes

pros: enhances recovery
cons: reduces strength, speed, and power performance

70
Q

phosphagen W:R

power %, exercise time, W:R range

A

90% - 100% of power

5s - 30s

1:12 - 1:20

71
Q

fast glycolysis W:R

power %, exercise time, W:R range

A

75% - 90%

15s - 30s

1:3 - 1:5

72
Q

slow glycolysis W:R

power %, exercise time, W:R range

A

30% - 75%

1min - 3mins

1:3 - 1:4

73
Q

oxidative system W:R

power %, exercise time, W:R range

A

20% - 30%

> 3mins

1:1 - 1:3

CSCS Vocab & Concepts (6 decks)

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