Chapter 6 Flashcards
Erikson emphasized…
…quality of caregiving. When caregiving is loving the child learns trust.
Basic Trust
Trusting infants expects the world to be good, fostering confidence
Mistrust
Mistrustful infants cannot trust the kindness of others & withdraws for self-protection
Factors that impact parental responsiveness
SES, additional children, finances can all impact caregiving
Toddlers learn autonomy when…
…parents give the freedom to make appropriate choices with some guidance.
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Toddlers want to decide for themselves regarding toileting, food, & clothing
Autonomous 2 year olds are not criticized for failure while learning new things; they will experience shame/doubt if they have parents who are controlling/very critical
Basic Emotions
Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust
Newborns show attraction to pleasant stimuli & withdrawal from negative stimuli
Infant use facial, vocal, & gestural clues to how their feeling
Caregivers who mirror infant emotions…
…help child to structure emotion. Pleasant mirroring encourages positive infant faces.
Parental Depression & Child Development
Newly developing infant/toddler needs a responsive parent to grow. Depressed mother/father is not sufficiently responsive, thus the relationship suffers & the child does not get what they need to develop.
Understanding & Responding to Emotions of others: 0-3 months
Baby is sensitive to emotional tone of caregiver
Understanding & Responding to Emotions of others: 3 months
Baby is sensitive to the timing of face-to-face interactions & expects positive replies to positive emotions
Understanding & Responding to Emotions of others: 4-5 months
Infant can tell positive from negative emotion & has wider emotions
Understanding & Responding to Emotions of others: 8-10 months
Infant has Social Referencing, active need for emotional information from the caregiver in an uncertain situation
Self-conscious emotions…
…come after basic emotions & involve helping or hurting sense of self. Arise 18-24 months as child develops sense of self.
Self-conscious emotions include…
…envy, guilt, shame, embarrassment, & pride.
Self-Conscious emotions require…
…adult telling the child when to be ashamed, proud, or guilty.
Individualist societies encourage…
…pride in achievement whereas collectivist societies encourage embarrassment when singled out for achievement.
Emotional Self-Regulation
Strategies we use to adjust emotions to comfortable levels to accomplish goals.
Ability to shift attention helps infant control emotions after 3 months.
Parents who respond to their child’s emotions & know what to do help children to begin to process their emotions.
By 24 months, kinds have the words for emotions but cant perfectly regulate & thus have tantrums.
Emotional Self-Regulation develops as a…
…dynamic system to include the prefrontal cortex & the brain areas of emotional reactivity & control.
Thomas & Chess’s Model of Temperament
Developed from a 1956 study of 141 children from infancy to adulthood
Certain features of temperament increase chances of psychological issues or protect from negative problems
T&C Model: Easy Child
40% - Establishes regular routines, is cheerful, & adapts to new experiences
T&C Model: Difficult Child
10% - Irregular in routines, slow to new experiences, reacts negatively & intensely
T&C Model: Slow-to-Warm-Up Child
15% - Inactive, mild/low-key reactions to the environment, negative emotions, slow adjustment to new experiences
T&C Model: Unclassified Child
35% - Show a blend of multiple characteristics
Dimensions of Mary Rothbart’s Model of Temperament
Reactivity: Activity Level, Attention Span/Persistence, Fearful Distress, Irritable Distress, Positive Affect
Self-Regulation: Effortful Control
Rothbart Dimension: Activity Level
Level of gross-motor activity
Rothbart Dimension: Attention Span/Persistence
Duration of orienting/interest
Rothbart Dimension: Fearful Distress
Wariness & distress in response to intense or normal stimuli
Rothbart Dimension: Irritable Distress
Extent of fussing, crying & distress when desires are frustrated
Rothbart Dimension: Positive Affect
Frequency of expression of happiness & pleasure
Rothbart Dimension: Effortful Control
Capacity to voluntarily suppress dominant responses in order to plan more adaptive responses
Attachment
Strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that gives us pleasure when we interact with them
By 6-12 months, infants attach to the people who have cared for them
Freud said the foundation of attachment…
…is based in relationship with mother.
Behaviorism & Psychoanalytic perspective…
…both privilege feeding as cause for bond, but infants also bond with caregivers who don’t feed them.
Bowlby’s Ethological Theory
Ethological Theory of Attachment: the infants emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival
John Bowlby started this theory & believes that infants have any characteristics to keep parents close
internal working model
expectations about availability of attachment figures
Bowlby: Pre-attachment
0-6 weeks: gazing into parents’ eyes keeps adults close to newborns, for comfort
Bowlby: Attachment-in-the-making
6 weeks to 8 months: more reactions to caregiver, initial trust with caregiver
Bowlby: Clear-cut attachment; separation anxiety
8 to 18 months: child is bonded to parent & becomes upset when parent leaves
Bowlby: Formation of reciprocal relationship
18 to 24 months: Separation anxiety declines, child negotiates with parent around needs & separation
The Strange Situation: Mary Ainsworth
Parent & baby introduced to playroom, Parents sits while baby plays with toys, stranger enters & talks to parent, parents leaves & stranger offers comfort if baby is upset, parent returns greets baby offers comfort if necessary & stranger leaves, parent leaves, stranger enters offers comfort, parent returns greets baby offers comfort if necessary tries to reinterest baby in toys
Mary Ainsworth’s Model
Secure Attachment, Insecure-Avoidant Attachment, Insecure-Resistant Attachment, Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
Secure Attachment
Parent is secure base, child may cry when separated because they prefer the parent to the researcher. Clear pleasure with caregiver return. 60% of USA middle SES families
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
Unresponsive to parent when present, child not distressed when parent leaves. During reunion, they are slow to greet parent/avoid. 15% of USA middle SES families
Insecure-Resistant Attachment
Infants close to mother at beginning. Failure to explore the environment. Clingy & resistant when mom returns. 10% of USA middle SES families
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
Most insecurity. Infant is confused during reunion & shows disinterest, very little crying, looking away from parent. 15% of USA middle SES families.
Implicit Awareness
Baby from 0-4 months, child has some awareness that self is distinct from rest of world
Explicit Awareness
9-28 month babies are placed in front of a mirror & kids 18-20 months have awareness of their appearance (The Rouge Test)
Self-Recognition
Identification of self as a psychically unique being
Scale Errors
Toddlers are not aware of the size of their body & do things that are physically impossible
Effortful Control
Extent to which child will inhibit impulses, manage negative emotions, & behave in a socially acceptable way
Compliance
12-18 months, toddler shows interest in caregiver wishes & can obey simple requests & tasks
Delay of Gratification
18-48 months: child learns to wait for appropriate time to engage in tempting activities; controlled by caregiving
Parental guidance helps the child…
…develop self-control & safe behaviors. Children must be autonomous & think that they have control over their own actions.
