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Human Development > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Conception

A

A human female releases one egg from her ovaries about every 28 days & males make approximately 300 million sperm a day

Fertilization of the egg usually occurs in the fallopian tube

At least 25% of egg-sperm meetings will create a zygote, but fail to implant and are naturally removed from the body.

Sperm can last 3-5 days inside the female body

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2
Q

Germinal Period

A

The Germinal Period is about 2 weeks – the zygote has rapid development while it travels to implant in the uterine wall

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3
Q

Implantation

A

Once implanted into the uterine lining, the amnion forms, then the chorion, then the placenta, then finally the fetus is connected via umbilical cord.

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4
Q

Amniotic Sac

A

Fluid (amnion) filled sac which protects embryo

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5
Q

Chorion

A

Protects amnion

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6
Q

Period of the Embryo

A

Implantation to 8 weeks

Wks 3-4: Neural tube develops. Heart, muscles, & digestive tract begin to develop

Wks 5-8: Brain begins to develop with sense of touch. Limbs, face, & internal organs begin to form. Embryo can move & is 1 inch long.

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7
Q

Period of the Fetus

A

Week 9 to Week 39/40

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8
Q

Third Month (Weeks 9-12)

A

Organs become more developed & the fetus has better control over the limbs

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9
Q

2nd Trimester (Weeks 13-24)

A

Vernix develops – white coating on the skin to protect from the amniotic fluid.

Lanugo develops – light coat of fur to help vernix adhere. Many organs are becoming developed, especially the brain

Fetus is sensitive to sound and light.

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10
Q

3rd Trimester (Weeks 25-38/40)

A
  • Brain continues to develop
  • Fetus is viable, it can live outside of the mother’s body with support at 22-26 weeks. The fetus begins to develop a routine of sleep and wakefulness at 30-34 weeks.
  • Fetus loses the lanugo and develops a layer of fat. The mother also passes antibodies to the fetus.
  • Fetus positions downwards in participation for the birth
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11
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental agents that can cause damage during the prenatal period

      - Organism is most sensitive during the embryonic period to teratogens
      - Shows the bidirectional influence between the child and environment
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12
Q

Factors influencing damage of Teratogens

A
  • Dose (higher doses over time cause more damage)
  • Heredity (some individuals are genetically better/less able to withstand environmental problems)
  • Other influences: multiple teratogens, poor nutrition, no medical care, etc.
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13
Q

Prenatal Thalidomide Exposure

A

Morning sickness drug that was taken weeks 4-6 and led to serious deformities in limbs in offspring and issues with intelligence

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14
Q

Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure

A

Anti-miscarriage drug that led to increased cancer of the vagina & uterus in adolescent female offspring. Male offspring had more testicular cancer

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15
Q

Prenatal Isotrentinoin Exposure

A

Skull, brain, eye, heart, & ear abnormalities

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16
Q

Prenatal Aspirin Exposure

A

Brain damage / motor control issues

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17
Q

Prenatal Caffeine Exposure

A

Low birth weight

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18
Q

Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure

A

Premature delivery, low birth weight, & delayed motor development

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19
Q

Prenatal Cocaine, heroin, & methadone exposure

A

Lead to premature birth, low birth weight, brain abnormalities, physical defects, and possibility of death

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20
Q

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure

A

Leads to brain hemorrhages, seizures, perceptual, motor, memory, & language problems that last

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21
Q

Prenatal Marijuana Exposure

A

Causes issues with memory, academic achievement delays, impulsivity, & aggression in children

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22
Q

Prenatal Tobacco Exposure

A

Leads to low birth weight, miscarriage, premature birth, cleft palate, asthma, and infant death

Direct dose response

Newborns less responsive to sounds & are more likely to be chronic criers

Nicotine constricts blood flow across the body and can lead to a smaller or abnormal placenta

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23
Q

Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

A

Range of physical, mental, & behavioral outcomes when there is prenatal exposure to alcohol

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24
Q

Prenatal Radiation Exposure

A

Increased rates of miscarriage, brain damage, physical deformity, & slow physical growth

Even small levels of radiation can harm the child & may show up later in life with lower intelligence and slower rates of language and increased emotional disorders

25
Q

What percentage of mothers smoke during pregnancy?

A

11%

26
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Slow growth, facial abnormalities (short eyelids, thin upper lip, smooth or flattened philtrum), brain injury

27
Q

Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

2 of 3 facial abnormalities & brain injury

28
Q

Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder

A

3 areas of mental functioning delays but no problems with physical growth

29
Q

What percentage of pregnant women drink at some point during their pregnancy?

A

25%

30
Q

Environmental Pollution

A

Babies are born now with up to 287 industrial contaminants

Air exposure to environmental toxins can also damage the child and lead to small head, low birth weight, & impaired lung and immune system

31
Q

Prenatal Mercury Exposure

A

Mercury: especially dangerous chemical that causes widespread neural damage. Frequently exists in fish.

32
Q

Prenatal Lead Exposure

A

Lead: metal found in old paint and buildings that can lead to low birth weight, poor motor development, & brain damage

33
Q

Birth: Stage 1

A

Longest stage; labor is usually 12-14 hours or more

Contractions help the cervix to widen (From 0 to 10cm) & becomes effaced (thinned)

34
Q

Birth: Stage 2

A

About 50 minutes long - mother pushes the child out

35
Q

Birth: Stage 3

A

Placenta is delivered after the baby in about 5-10 minutes

36
Q

The Newborn

A

Contractions help the baby to produce cortisol, which narrows the blood vessels

Baby’s head is big relative to the rest of the body

37
Q

Apgar Scale

A

Measured 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

A score of 7 or better indicates the baby is healthy, 4-6 the baby needs vital signs stabilized, & below 3 is serious danger

38
Q

Categories of the Apgar Scale

A

Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respirations

39
Q

Preterm Infants

A

Born more than 3 weeks early or less than 5.5 pounds
–Birth weight is biggest predictor of infant survival and healthy development

Small-for-date infants: are below their expected weight for the pregnancy

40
Q

Care for Premature Babies

A

Baby is sleepy and unresponsive, parents may bond less because they hold the child less

Parents who are caring and responsive have healthy preterm babies

41
Q

Symptoms of being preterm

A

Brain abnormalities, frequent illness, school learning disabilities, & emotional and behavioral problems

Smaller bodies, lower intelligence tests, & have poor achievement in school

42
Q

Preterm babies are more likely to be…

A

…abused because they require more stimulation to get a response.

43
Q

Isolated mothers in poverty with premature babies…

A

…have especially unfavorable child outcomes.

44
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Stimulation: Sole of foot stroked

Response: Fans out toes & twists foot in

Duration: Disappears at 9 months to 1 year

45
Q

Blinking

A

Stimulation: Flash of light or puff of air

Response: Closes eyes

Duration: Permanent

46
Q

Grasping

A

Stimulation: Palms touched

Response: Grasps tightly

Duration: Weakens at three months, disappears at a year

47
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Stimulation: Sudden move, loud noise

Response: Startles; throws out arms & legs & then pulls them towards body

Duration: Disappears at 3 to 4 months

48
Q

Rooting

A

Stimulation:Cheek stroked or side of mouth touched

Response: Turns towards source, opens mouth & sucks

Duration: Disappears at 3 to 4 months

49
Q

Stepping

A

Stimulation: Infant help upright w/ feet touching ground

Response: Moves feet as if to walk

Duration: Disappears at 3 to 4 months

50
Q

Sucking

A

Stimulation: Mouth touched by object

Response: Sucks on object

Duration: Disappears at 3 to 4 months

51
Q

Swimming

A

Stimulation:Placed face down in water

Response: Makes coordinated swimming movements

Duration: Disappears at 6 to 7 months

52
Q

Tonic Neck

A

Stimulation: Placed on back

Response: Makes fists and turns head to the right

Duration: Disappears at 2 months

53
Q

Tonic Neck

A

Stimulation: Placed on back

Response: Makes fists and turns head to the right

Duration: Disappears at 2 months

54
Q

Regular / NREM sleep

A

Infant is at full rest & shows little or no body activity; eyelids are closed, no eye movements occur, face is relaxed, breathing is slow & regular

55
Q

Irregular / REM sleep

A

Gentle limb movements, occasional stirring, & facial grimacing occur. Although eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Breathing is irregular

56
Q

Drowsiness

A

Infant is either falling asleep or waking up. Body less active than in REM sleep but more active than NREM sleep. Eyes open & close; when open, they have a glazed lock. Breathing is even but somewhat faster than in regular sleep.

57
Q

Quiet alertness

A

Infant’s body is relatively inactive, with eyes open & attentive. Breathing is even.

58
Q

Waking activity & crying

A

Infant shows frequent bursts of uncoordinated body activity. Breathing is very irregular. Face may be relaxed or tense & wrinkled. Crying may occur.

Human Development (6 decks)

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