Chapter 2

Question 1

Sex Cells

Answer 1

Gametes: the sex cells, also called sperm and ova; these contain only half as many chromosomes (haploid cell) as a regular cell (diploid cell)

Gametes are created through Meiosis

When the egg and sperm meet during conception, a Zygote is created, it again has 46 cells

Question 2

Cooley’s Anemia

Answer 2

Recessive

Pale appearance, delayed physical growth, lethargy in infancy

Question 3

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 3

Recessive

Lungs, liver, and pancreas secrete large amounts of mucous, problems with breathing and digestion

Question 4

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 4

Recessive

Problems metabolizing phenylalanine which builds up and damages the central nervous system, causing mental retardation

Question 5

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 5

Recessive

Red blood cells take on a sickle shape, which causes problem with oxygen traveling to parts of body, causing anemia and pain

Question 6

Tay-Sachs Disease

Answer 6

Recesive

Central nervous system degenerates at age 6 months, child eventually deteriorates and dies

Question 7

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 7

Dominant

Central nervous system deteriorates, leads to muscular and mental degeneration, usually in the 30s-40s.

Question 8

Marfan Syndrome

Answer 8

Dominant

Tall, slender build, elongated limbs, may have heart defects and skeletal issues

Question 9

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Answer 9

X-Linked

Loss of muscular control between age 7-13, child dies as muscles continue to weaken

Question 10

Hemophilia

Answer 10

X-Linked

Blood never clots normally, something as simple as a bad bruise can be a serious health risk

Question 11

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 11

X-Linked

Diabetes in which the child has severe problems with thirst and dehydration, can cause nervous system damage

Question 12

X-Link diseases are more common in…

Answer 12

…males because they only have one copy of the x-chromosome

Question 13

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 13

Both alleles are expressed at thesame time, creating a combined phenotype.

Example: Sickle Cell Anemia occurs when the child inherits two recessive genes for sickle-shaped red blood cells. They have a mix of regular and sickle cells in their blood.

Question 14

Genomic Imprinting

Answer 14

Alleles are imprinted through a chemical process (methylation) so that one gene is activated, whether it’s dominant or recessive

Prader-Willi Syndrome: intellectual disabilities and severe obesity

Fragile X Syndrome: severe mental disabilities, ADHD, autism, & anxiety

Question 15

Germline Mutation

Answer 15

Affects the gametes & is passed along to the children

Question 16

Somatic Mutation

Answer 16

Normal body cells mutate at some random point in a lifetime

Question 17

Down Syndrome

Answer 17

Child receives 3 copies of chromosome 21

The most common chromosome disorder – happens in 1 out of 700 births

Intellectual disability, memory problems, & slow motor development

Babies show the disorder with poor eye-to-eye contact, poor grasping/muscle tone, and less exploration behavior

Risk of having a child with Down’s raises sharply after 35, up to a 1 in 11 chance if baby is had at age 50 and beyond

Question 18

Genetic Counseling

Answer 18

Parents who believe they may be a carrier for genetic disease, can assess theirgenetic risks and chances of passing it & make decisions with a genetic counselor.

Parents older than 40 are at risk of mutations that can lead to autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder

Parents will undergo blood tests and genetic testing to fill in the pedigree for the diseases of interest.

Question 19

Reproductive Technology

Answer 19

Fertility drugs, Donor insemination, in-vitro fertilization, surrogate mothers

Question 20

Fertility Drugs

Answer 20

Drugs such as Chlomid & Femara are given to the mother to stimulate the release of eggs

Question 21

Donor insemination

Answer 21

Injection of sperm into a woman

Question 22

In-vitro Fertilization

Answer 22

A woman’s egg is removed and fertilized outside of her body, then implanted back into her womb.

Question 23

Prenatal Diagnostic Methods

Answer 23

Medical procedures that permit the parents to know about genetic problems beforehand

Question 24

Amniocentesis

Answer 24

Taking a sample of the amniotic fluid using a needle

Question 25

Fetal Blood

Answer 25

Blood is taken from the umbilical cord – after 20 weeks

Question 26

Embryofetoscopy

Answer 26

A scope directly views the embryo through the embryonic sac

Question 27

Indirect Relationships

Answer 27

Interactions between two members of the family that indirectly impact the child

Question 28

Coparenting

Answer 28

Mutually supporting parental relationship, full of warmth, that impacts the child’s healthy growth

Parents who do not coparent will undermine each other, be more critical, and respond less to the child’s needs

Question 29

How do tense parental relationships affect a child’s mental health?

Answer 29

Children exposed to a tense parental relationship will internalize these difficulties and feel anxious or try to repair their parents’ relationship. They may also externalize and act with anger or aggression.

Grandparents can support the parental relationship or make the conflict worse

Question 30

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Answer 30

Combines years of education, prestige, skill needed for a job, & income.

Low SES tend to have families earlier & have different expectations for child-rearing

Question 31

Low SES

Answer 31

Focus on external characteristics,such as obedience, politeness,cleanliness, andneatness.

Low SES parents may feeloverwhelmed due to lack ofeducation and resources. Theyhave less time to speak to theirkids.

Low SES children enter school witha smaller lexicon

Question 32

High SES

Answer 32

Focus on internal characteristics,such as curiosity, happiness, socialmaturity, and cognitive maturity

Parents in high SES spend moretime speaking to their children andstimulating them verbally

“30million wordgap” - high SESkids have heard substantially morewords by age 4