Chapter 4

Question 1

Prefrontal Cortex is responsible for…

Answer 1

…complex thought, consciousness, memory, reasoning, planning, & problem solving.

Question 2

Heredity

Answer 2

Genes play a huge role in growth, as is shown in twin studies - adopted children tend to take on the weight patterns of their biological parents, not adopted parents.

Question 3

Benefits of Breastfeeding

Answer 3

Perfect for babies: easily digested & great for bonding (skin to skin contact).

No sterilization required & inexpensive.

Mother has less chance of ovarian or breast cancer & baby gets different tastes of food through mother’s diet.

Question 4

Benefits of Bottle Feeding

Answer 4

Anyone can feed baby, baby feels food full fore longer, easier to keep track of how much baby fed, no restrictions on mothers diet, & formula is fortified w/ added vitamins & minerals.

Question 5

Gross Motor Development

Answer 5

Actions that get the infant moving around the environment

Each older motor skill helps be the foundation for the new skills

Question 6

Fine Motor Development

Answer 6

Smaller movements, such as grasping & reaching

Each older motor skill helps be the foundation for the new skills

Question 7

Motor Development is Dynamic

Answer 7

Motor skills involve increasingly complex systems of action (like how crawling, standing, & stepping become walking.

Question 8

Four Factors of Motor Development

Answer 8

1. Central Nervous System development
2. Body’s movement capacities
3. Child’s goals
4. Environmental supports for the skill

Question 9

Fine Motor Development: 4 months

Answer 9

Bidextrous reach

Question 10

Fine Motor Development: 6 months

Answer 10

Unidextrous reach; transfer object

Question 11

Fine Motor Development: 9 months

Answer 11

Immature pincer grasp; probes with forefinger

Question 12

Fine Motor Development: 12 months

Answer 12

Pincer grasp mature

Question 13

Fine Motor Development: 15 months

Answer 13

Imitates scribbling; tower of 2 blocks

Question 14

Fine Motor Development: 18 months

Answer 14

Scribbles; tower of 3 blocks

Question 15

Fine Motor Development: 2 years

Answer 15

Tower of 6 blocks; vertical & circular stroke

Question 16

Fine Motor Development: 3 years

Answer 16

Tower of 9 blocks; copies circle

Question 17

Fine Motor Development: 4 years

Answer 17

Copies cross; bridge with blocks

Question 18

Fine Motor Development: 5 years

Answer 18

Copies triangles

Question 19

Hearing: 4-7 months

Answer 19

Infants can hear musical phrasing

Question 20

Hearing: 6-7 months

Answer 20

Infants can hear variations in rhythm

Question 21

As infants listen to their home language…

Answer 21

…language sounds & synaptic pruning limits connections betweens neurons.

Question 22

Vision

Answer 22

Development happens 7-8 months of life due to rapid development of cerebral cortex

Vision is 20/80 by 6 months and 20/20 by 4 years

Question 23

Depth Perception

Answer 23

Motion helps child be sensitive to depth at 3-4 weeks old

By 3-4 months babies are sensitive to pictorial depth

Babies develop depth perception as they learn to move/crawling helps depth perception in seasoned crawlers, babies who are new to walking may struggle with depth perception

Question 24

Newborns prefer patters…

Answer 24

…to plain stimuli; 3 week old prefers simple checkerboards, older infants prefer more complex.

Question 25

Face perception

Answer 25

Infants prefer right-side-up faces to upside down.

3-month infants more easily distinguish female over male faces & can distinguish photographs of different strangers faces.

Question 26

Intermodal Perception

Answer 26

Sense we make of multiple pieces of sensory information at once.

3-5 month olds can match faces with voices, using lip-voice synchrony, emotional expression, etc.

Crucial to healthy cognitive development

Question 27

Perceptual Development: Differentiation Theory

Answer 27

Infants look for stable features of the environment