Chapter 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Any durable changes in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli (getting used to something)

Question 3

Sensitization

Answer 3

Responding more strongly over time to repeated over time (something getting more annoying)

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

Discovered by Ivan Pavlov
A form of learning in which animals come to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response
In advertising a lot
Passive learning

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

A stimulus that on its own elicits a response

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

A physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it doesn’t need to be learn

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

A neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired with

Question 8

Conditioned response

Answer 8

A physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is usually the same as the unconditioned response

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

The phase during which a CR is established

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

The reduction and elimination of the CR after the CS is presented repeatedly without the US

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

Re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred

Question 12

Stimulus generalization

Answer 12

Whereby a conditioned stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response

Question 13

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 13

When a conditioned stimuli similar to the original does not elicit a conditioned response (eg. cat reacting to a treat bag being shook and not other bags)

Question 14

“Little Albert” Experiment

Answer 14

Emphasized nurture; devised experiment to show fear is learned
Had the unexpected result of making Albert scared of other white fuzzy things, not just the rat - he generalized his fear

Question 15

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 15

Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus
CS can become the US, make a CS #2

Question 16

Phobia

Answer 16

Persistent, irrational or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning

Question 17

Conditioned taste aversions

Answer 17

A previously neutral stimulus elicits an averse reaction after it is paired with illness (nausea)
Breaks the rules of acquisition because it occurs after only one pairing

Question 18

Biological preparedness

Answer 18

Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value

Question 19

Operant conditioning

Answer 19

Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behaviour
Active learning

Question 20

The Law of Effect

Answer 20

States that if we’re rewarded for a response to a stimulus, we’re more like to repeat that response to the stimulus in the future
We learning from the consequences of our behaviour

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

Any consequences of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of that behaviour

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

Any consequences of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour

Question 23

Positive reinforcement

Answer 23

Presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behaviour
ADDS something pleasant to increase the likelihood of behaviour
(Desired behaviour + pleasant stimulus = increase in behaviour)

Question 24

Negative reinforcement

Answer 24

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a behaviour
Taking away something to increase the likelihood of the behaviour
(Desired behaviour - unpleasant stimulus = increase in behaviour)

Question 25

Primary reinforcers

Answer 25

Consequences that have survival value so are intrinsically rewarding
Satisfies a biological need

Question 26

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 26

Become rewarding when they are associated with primary reinforcer
These types of reinforcers are learned

Question 27

Positive punishment

Answer 27

Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
(Undesirable behaviour + unpleasant stimulus = decrease in behaviour)

Question 28

Negative punishment

Answer 28

Removing a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour
Decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
(Undesirable behaviour - pleasant stimulus = decrease in behaviour)