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Pysch 205 - Principles of Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of physical energy by the sense organs

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3
Q

Perception

A

The brain’s interpretation of the raw sensory inputs

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4
Q

Illusion

A

Perception in which the way we perceive the stimulus doesn’t match its physical reality

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5
Q

Sense receptor are…

A

Stimulated by external energies

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6
Q

Five types of energy sense receptors are stimulated by

A

Vision - light waves, smell - chemicals, taste - chemicals, touch - pressure, hearing - sound waves

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7
Q

Transduction

A

Converting external energies into electrical signals that are sent to the brain

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8
Q

Threshold

A

A dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable difference

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9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The smallest amount of stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect

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10
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

The smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we detect

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Principle stating that there is a constant proportional relationship between the JND and original stimulus intensity. The stronger the stimulus the greater the change needed to detect

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12
Q

Activation of the sense receptor is the greatest when…

A

The stimulus is first detected

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13
Q

Sensitivity to stimulus declines after…

A

Prolonged exposure

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14
Q

Selective attention

A

Allows us to select one channel of sensory input and ignore or minimize others

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15
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Ability to pick out important information from surrounding sensory input

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16
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

The failure to see unexpected visible objects or events in a visual display

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17
Q

Change blindness

A

Failure to notice a fairly obvious change in a visual display

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18
Q

Order of vision

A

Cornea, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve

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19
Q

Cornea

A

The curved, transparent protective layer in front of the eye; bends incoming light

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20
Q

Pupil

A

The opening of in the centre of the eye

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21
Q

Iris

A

The coloured area containing muscles that control the pupil

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22
Q

Lens

A

Flexible disk that focuses light of the back of the eye

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near and far

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24
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

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25
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness

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26
Q

Retina

A

Specialized layer of sensory receptors at the back of the eye

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27
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors specialized for light stimuli (rods and cones)

28
Q

Cones

A

For detail and colour vision, don’t respond well in dim light, heavily concentrated in the fovea

29
Q

Fovea

A

Central portion of the retina; responsible for visible acuity

30
Q

Rods

A

For low light vision and detection of movement, cannot detect colour, in peripheral vision, more rods than cones

31
Q

Signals are sent to the brain via the…

A

Optic nerve

32
Q

Blind spot

A

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no photo receptors

33
Q

Optic chiasm

A

The point in the brain where the optic nerves cross over and project onto the other side of the brain

34
Q

“What” Pathway

A

From occipital lobe to temporal lobe, for object recognition, language, and facial recognition

35
Q

“Where” Pathway

A

From occipital lobe to parietal lobe, for movement and spatial awareness/processing

36
Q

Hemi-neglect

A

Visual neglect to one side of the visual field

37
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Colour vision is based on our sensitivity to the three primary colours (red, green, and blue), theory says each type of cone is sensitive to a different wavelength of light

38
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Theory that we perceive colours in terms of 3 pairs of opponent colours: Red-green, yellow-blue, and black-white. Certain wavelengths inhibit the activation of the opposing colour on each cone, explains why we can’t see a mixture of red and green, accounts for colour blindness

39
Q

Trichromat

A

Normal human colour vision

40
Q

Dichromat

A

Only possess two types of cones, typical for red-green colourblindness

41
Q

Monochromat

A

Can’t see any colour

42
Q

Blindsight

A

A phenomenon whereby a person reports they have no visual awareness of their surroundings, but are correctly able to “guess” the appearance of objects around them, occurs with cortical blindness

43
Q

Reversible form

A

A drawing that is compatible with tow interpretations that can shift back and forth

44
Q

Naïve realism

A

Demonstrates that people’s worlds are subjective

45
Q

Perceptual set

A

Readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way (sometimes we “see” what we expect to see)

46
Q

Gestalt Pyschology

A

We interpret visual stimuli holistically

47
Q

Figure-ground

A

Alternating focusing on the figure vs. the ground behind it changes the image

48
Q

Proximity

A

Grouping figures close to each other together

49
Q

Similarity

A

Figures similar to each other are grouped together

50
Q

Closure

A

Tendency to perceive incomplete figures as whole and complete

51
Q

Depth Perception

A

Interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far way objects are

52
Q

Binocular cues

A

Cues based on the differing views of two eyes

53
Q

Monocular cues

A

Cues based on the image in either eye alone

54
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Different images of objects are cast on the retinas on each eye, both eyes see something slightly different

55
Q

Convergence

A

The tendency to move eyes towards each other as we focus on objects up close

56
Q

Interpostion

A

When one object blocks part of another from our view we see the blocked object as farther away

57
Q

Elevation

A

We see objects that are higher in our visual plane as further away

58
Q

Texture gradient

A

We can see more details of textured surfaces, such as the wood grain on tables of restaurants, as closer to us

59
Q

Linear perspective

A

Parallel lines seem to converge in the distance

60
Q

Shading

A

We are accustomed to see light coming from above us We use differences in the shading to judge size and distance from objects

61
Q

Arial perspective

A

Tend to see closer objects with more clarity than objects further away

62
Q

Motion parallax

A

When looking out the window of a moving car, objects that are closer move faster

63
Q

Perceptual constantes

A

Tendency to view objects as unchanging despite changes in the environment

64
Q

Size constancy

A

Perceive objects as the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed

65
Q

Shape constancy

A

See an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from

Pysch 205 - Principles of Psychology (5 decks)

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