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Pysch 205 - Principles of Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives

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2
Q

Stream of consciousness

A

Used to describe the continuous flow of thoughts through the consciousness

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3
Q

Mind wandering

A

(Day dreaming) Task-unrelated thoughts, 15-50% of your time is spent on mind wandering, closely linked to creativity

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4
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

The 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

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5
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone secreted by the suprachiasmic nucleus (in the hypothalamus) to regulate sleep and wakefulness. Light exposure controls production (low light=more melatonin=sleepy)

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6
Q

Sleep in relation to body temperature

A

Often feel tired when our temperatures drop and vice versa

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7
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

It can take several nights of regular rest to catch up for deprivation, impairs cognitive performance and reaction times, can cause depression and hallucinations

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8
Q

Consequences of sleep deprivation

A

Decreased immune function, hormonal changes, increased appetite, increased vulnerability to disease (diabetes, hypertension, heart disease)

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9
Q

5 stages of sleep

A

Stages 1-4: non-REM sleep

Stage 5: REM sleep

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10
Q

Beta waves

A

Normal waking thought

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11
Q

Alpha waves

A

Relaxed or meditative states

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12
Q

Theta waves

A

Light sleep

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13
Q

Delta waves

A

Dreamless sleep

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14
Q

Stage 1

A

Alpha waves (drowsy) are replaced with theta waves, brain activity slows down by 50% or more, may experience hypnogogic imagery (weird dream-like images) and myclonic jerking (feeling of falling)

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15
Q

Stage 2

A

Breathing becomes steady/rhythmic, lasts 15-20 minutes, may exhibit sleep spindles

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16
Q

Stage 3 and 4

A

Delta waves appear (deep sleep), in stage 3 20-50% activity is delta waves, in stage 4 40-50%+ activity is delta waves, heart rate and breathing drop, most resultful sleep, takes about 30 minutes

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17
Q

REM sleep

A

REM = rapid eye movement
Paradorical sleep - body is paralyzed but the brain is very active
Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, sexual arousal, dreaming, beta waves

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18
Q

Selective deprivation

A

Sleep deprivation of only the REM cycle

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19
Q

REM and memory

A

New memories will consolidated into long-term memories, disturbances in REM lead to poor memory recall

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20
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

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21
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods, dive in REM sleep immediately

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22
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Caused by blockage of the airway during sleep, “wakes” a person many times a night

23
Q

Nightmare

A

Anxiety-arousing dreams

24
Q

Night terrors

A

Sudden awakening during stage 4 sleep (non REM) accompanied by screaming, sweating, and confusion. Hug tightly to activate parasympathetic nervous system

25
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking, can be caused by sleep deprivation, during slow-wave delta sleep

26
Q

Freud’s Dream Protection Theory

A

Dreams represent wish fulfillment, dreams allow us to discharge internal energy associated with unacceptable feelings

27
Q

Manifest content (Freud)

A

The dream images that people are able to recall

28
Q

Latent content (Freud)

A

The unconscious elements of dreams, the process of translating this is called dream-work

29
Q

Universal symbols (Freud)

A

Latent content can be uncovered through eh application of symbolism into the manifest content

30
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

Dreams result from the brain’s attempts to synthesize or organize random generated signals and give them meaning

31
Q

Neurocognitive theory

A

Dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capabilities, which shape what we dream about
Dreams are associated with our everyday actives, emotional concerns, and preoccupation

32
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Any substance that alters mood, perception, awareness, or thought

33
Q

Substance abuse

A

Recurring problems due to drug use

34
Q

Substance dependence

A

Clinical impairment

35
Q

Tolerance

A

Reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use

36
Q

Withdrawal

A

Unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug

37
Q

Depressants

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, sedatives, sedatives, opiates

Decreases activity of the central nervous system - slower thinking, impaired judgement, impaired motor response

38
Q

Opiates (subcategory of depressants)

A

Herion, morphine, codeine, fentanyl

Decreases activity of the central nervous system - pain relief, sense of euphoria

39
Q

Stimulants

A

Tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, methamphetamine
Increases activity of the central nervous system - sense of alertness, increased energy, decreased appetite, decreased need for sleep

40
Q

Psychedelics

A

Marijuana, LSD, ecstasy

Dramatically altered perception, mood, and thoughts - hallucinations, hypersensitive sensory processing

41
Q

Alcohol

A

Depresses nervous system because is a GABA agonist
Overdose will depress major organ function
Affects the encoding of new memories
May appear as a stimulant at small doses

42
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Results in facial deformities and intellectual/behavioural disabilities

43
Q

Sedative-hypnotics

A

Produces feelings of relaxation and drowsiness, high doses give euphoria, can induce sleep

44
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Anti-anxiety drugs, GABA agonist, reduce anxiety without making overly drowsy, can become addicted

45
Q

Opioids

A

Also called narcotics
Highly addictive, used to reduce pain
The body doesn’t produce endorphins while on the drug so withdrawal is very painful because it takes awhile to make the endorphins again
Depresses CNS
Changes to the limbic system to produce increased feelings of pleasure

46
Q

Stimulants

A

Increases activity of the CNS (increased heart rate, blood pressure, alertness)

47
Q

Caffeine

A

Most widely used stimulant, there is physical dependence and withdrawal

48
Q

Nicotine

A

One of the most highly addictive substances, activates the ACh receptors in the body, increases alertness and concentration, physical dependence and withdrawal

49
Q

Cocaine

A

Most powerful natural stimulant, decreases fatigue and hunger, dopamine agonist, physical risk, withdrawal can take up to 10 weeks

50
Q

Amphetamines

A

Synthetic, may damage nerve endings, dopamine agonist

51
Q

LSD

A

Hallucinations, binds to serotonin receptors, can experience flashbacks of being high long after the substance has left the body

52
Q

Marijuana

A

Interferes with complex sensorimotor tasks and cognitive functions, linked to psychotic episodes, long term cognitive deficits
Contributes to lung disease, lower sperm count, abnormal ovulation
Anti-inflammatory, pain relieving

53
Q

Ecstasy

A

Causes a dump of serotonin, resulting in euphoria reduced anxiety, and increased social intimacy
Causes dehydration, lack of concentrations and appetite
Can cause depression, anxiety, paranoia, and irritability

Pysch 205 - Principles of Psychology (5 decks)

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