Chapter 6, 7 And 8

Question 1

Seedlings

Answer 1

Plants produced from seeds.

Question 2

Fertilization

Answer 2

The sexual union of a male and female gamete.

Question 3

Seed is a

Answer 3

Matured ovule containing a embryo, storage reserve (cotyledon) and a protective covering.

Question 4

How many cotyledons in gymnosperms?

Answer 4

Up to 15

Question 5

Apomoxis

Answer 5

Asexual production of an embryo within the ovule of flowering plants. Clonal duplicate of mother plant.

Question 6

Vegetative apomoxis

Answer 6

Asexual production of plant structures besides the embryo of flowering plants.

Question 7

Recalcitrant seeds

Answer 7

Seeds that are unable to withstand maturation drying.

Question 8

Orthodox seeds

Answer 8

Tolerate maturation drying, and survive at less than 10% moisture.

Question 9

Funiculus

Answer 9

The attachment between the ovary and the ovule.

Question 10

Hilum

Answer 10

The scar left on the seed coat after the funiculus abscises.

Question 11

Vivipary

Answer 11

Precocious germination.
Premature germination of seeds while still on mother plant.
Due to inability of embryo to produce ABA.

Question 12

Parthenocarpy

Answer 12

The formation of seedless fruit.

Question 13

Predominant hormone involved in Seed maturation

Answer 13

ABA

Question 14

Fixing a genotype

Answer 14

Genotype stabilisation, stabilising a genotype of a seedling pop to make it homozygous. Breed true.

Question 15

Homogenous

Answer 15

A population of seedlings that are phenotypically similar.

Question 16

Heterogenous seedlings.

Answer 16

A pop of seedlings that are phenotypically dissimilar.

Question 17

Homozygous seedlings

Answer 17

A population of seedlings whose genotypes are very similar.

Question 18

Heterozygous seedlings

Answer 18

A pop of seedlings whose genotypes are dissimilar.

Question 19

Apomixis breeding

Answer 19

A breeding system in which the embryo is apomictic (produced from a vegetative cell).

Question 20

Cross-pollination

Answer 20

Plant is pollinated by another plant with seperate genotypes.

Question 21

Self pollination advantages

Answer 21

Often does not require large plant resources.

Question 22

Disadvantages of self pollination.

Answer 22

Restricts plant diversity, susceptibility to pest and disease etc.

Question 23

Cross-pollination advantages

Answer 23

Provides the opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.

Question 24

Cross pollination disadvantages

Answer 24

Enforced self pollination of naturally cross pollinated plants may result in an inbred line, where vigour, size and productivity may be reduced.
Changes in plant performance and expectations.

Question 25

Inbreeding depression

Answer 25

Enforced self pollination of naturally cross pollinated plants may result in an inbred line, where vigour, size and productivity may be reduced.

Question 26

Seed Provenance

Answer 26

A forestry term used to indicate the climatic and geographical locality of which a seed originated.

Question 27

Vernalisation

Answer 27

A period of cold temperature required by plants to induce flowering.

Question 28

Dehisce

Answer 28

Seed splitting open and or shattering. Occurs when harvested late.

Question 29

Flotation and seed viability;

Answer 29

Acorns will sink if viable and float if not viable.

Question 30

Maceration seed seperation technique involves.

Answer 30

Pulverising the fleshy fruit through a mesh leaving seeds above the mesh and fleas below.

Question 31

Fermentation seed seperation technique involves;

Answer 31

Macerated fruits are placed in vats and fermented at 20 degrees, for 4 days, heavy sound/viable seeds will sink to the bottom of the vat, while pulp remains at the surface.

Question 32

Routinely tested characteristics of seeds; 5

Answer 32

1. Germination viability
2. Purity
3. Vigor
4. Seed health
5. Noxious weed seed contamination

Question 33

3 seed viability tests;

Answer 33

Standard germination test SGT
Excised embryo
Tetrazolium

Question 34

SGT test

Answer 34

Standard germination test

Percentage of seedlings in a seed lot that germinate normally.

Question 35

Normal seedlings

Answer 35

Elongated radicle and hypocotyl and at least one enlarged cotyledon.

Question 36

Excised embryo test

Answer 36

Tests viability of woody shrubs and trees, of which dormant embryos require long periods before true germination.

Question 37

Tretrazolium test;

Answer 37

Biochemical test for viability. Seeds are soaked in a chemical solution, living seeds will turn the chemical red in colour.

Question 38

Seed purity

Answer 38

Meticulous evaluation of a seed lot for any foreign materials including other seeds.

Question 39

Seed vigor

Answer 39

An estimate of a seeds ability to germinate when environmental conditions are not ideal.