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Plant Propogation > Chapter 2, 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2, 3 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the the beginning of propagation.

And where

A

10,000 years ago, southwest Asia and northeast Africa.

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2
Q

Domestication

A

The process of selecting specific kinds of wild plants and adapting them to human use.

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3
Q

Earliest domesticated crops

A

Wheat, barley, peas, lentil, millet and rice.

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4
Q

Fixed genetics

A

The use of propagation, to keep genetic characteristics through tolerance to inbreeding.

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5
Q

The Morill act

A

United States congress passed an act in 1862, it established land grant colleges and fostered the scientific investigation of agriculture

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6
Q

Annuals

A

Plants that complete their entire life cycle in one growing season.

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7
Q

Biennials

A

Are plants that require 2 growing seasons to complete their life cycle. First year vegetative, second year set seed, often require vernalisation.

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8
Q

Winter annuals

A

Biennial in nature.

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9
Q

Perennials

A

Plants that live for more than 2 years.

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10
Q

A group of plants originating from a single source plant by vegetative propagation is what type of propagation?

A

Clonal propagation

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11
Q

A seed forms a zygote, further growing into an embryo. Later, growth potential develops with a polar orientation.

A

Seedling life cycle; Phase 1 Embryonic

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12
Q

Seedling germination initiates, vegetative growth becomes polar. Lateral growing points produce only shoots that are not competent to flower.

A

Seedling life cycle; Phase 2 juvenile.

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13
Q

Subtle changes in growth and morphology of the seedling, growth slows and internal cues are of utmost sensitive.

A

Phase 3 transition

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14
Q

Shoot meristems have the potential to become flower buds. The plant produces flowers, fruit and seeds.

A

Phase 4 Adult or mature.

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15
Q

Difference between plant breeding and propagation.

A

Plant prop is the practice of multiplying cultivars selected by plant breeders for favourable attributes. While plant breeders recreate patterns of Genetic variation, therefore creating new kinds of plants useful to humans.

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16
Q

What is apomixis

A

Asexual reproduction without fertilization. Bulbs, planet. Not plant cutting propagation.

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17
Q

8 types of vegetative propagules

A

Bud, scion, cutting, layer, bulb, corn, tuber and explant.

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18
Q

Species

A

Plants and animals with common characteristics, appearance, adaptation and breeding behaviour.

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19
Q

Cultivar

A

A group of plants of which originated in cultivation, are unique and similar in appearance and characteristics are maintained during propagation.

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20
Q

Plant patent

A

Legal protection of a vegetatively propagated cultivar (except tuber) granted by the US patent trademark office to allow the inventor of the plant to control its propogation.

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21
Q

Plant variety protection

A

Legal protection granted for a seed propagated cultivar. A plant breeding certificate allows the inventor to control its propagation.

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22
Q

Mitosis

A

The special kind of cell division that results in vegetative propagation.

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23
Q

Meiosis

A

The special type of cell division that results in sex cells, of which are utilised in sexual reproduction.

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24
Q

The period of one cell decision to the next is termed;

A

Mitosis

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25
Q

Prophase

A

Initial phase of mitosis (cell division). Chromosomes condense, and appear as short thickened structures in homologous pairs of chromatids attached by centromeres.

26
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis. Spindle fibres form and chromosomes migrate to the centre of the cell.

27
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis. Spindle fibres attach to each chromosome pair, pulling them apart. Chromosomes are dragged to opposite ends of the cell and nuclear envelopes begin to form.

28
Q

Telophase

A

Final phase of mitosis. Phragmoplast/cell plate forms in the centre of the cell. Cell division ends with cytokinesis.

29
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The devision of the cytoplasm by the formation of a new cell wall. Resulting in 2 new cells identical in genotype to the original cell.

30
Q

Basic living plant cell type. Capable of differentiating into specific cell types.

A

Parenchyma cell

31
Q

Living cells with thickened primary cell walls. Usually found just below the epidermis in herbaceous and woody stems are;

A

Collenchyma cells

32
Q

Fibres and sclerieds are examples of …. of which are non-living at maturity. Provide strength and structural support.

A

Sclerenchyma cells

33
Q

Cells capable of deciding are referred to as….

A

Meristematic

34
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis

2 key differences

A
  1. Mitosis results in two genetically identical, diploid cells, while meiosis results in 4 genetically different haploid cells.
  2. Meiosis requires 2 devision cycles.
35
Q

Fixing

A

The process of genetically stabilising the genotype so that the cultivar will breed true from seed.

36
Q

Codon

A

A coding unit consisting of 3 or 4 bases in a specific sequence. Codons translate into one of 20 amino acids.

37
Q

Biochemical compound that functions to transcribe genetic code information from the chromosomes to the mRNA. Includes uracil instead of thyamine;

A

RNA

38
Q

Another name for plant hormones

A

Phytohoemones

39
Q

Plant hormone description;

A

Naturally occurring, organic chemicals of relatively low molecular weight. Active in small concentrations and involved in induction and regulation of plant growth/development.

40
Q

5 major plant hormones;

A

Auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid and ethylene.

41
Q

Auxin has a major role for controlling these five processes;

A
  1. phototrophism,
  2. apical dominance,
  3. formation of abscision layer,
  4. activation of cambial growth and
  5. adventitious root initiation.
42
Q

Cytokinin biosynthesis loacations;

A

Root tip, seed embryos, and developing leaves.

43
Q

Cytokinins roles;

A

Regulation of;

Cell devision, shoot initiation and development, senescence, photomorphogenesis and apical dominance.

44
Q

Goberellin biosynthesis locations;

A

Developing seeds, and fruits, elongating shoots and roots.

Plastids and modified in ER.

45
Q

Gibberellins role; 3

A
  1. Control plant height and shoot elongation,
  2. plant maturation (triggering flowering)
  3. Dormancy release and germination antagoniser with abscisic acid (ABA).
46
Q

Abscisic Acid (ABA) major roles; 3

A
  1. Modulate environmental stresses especially water stress by; promoting root growth, regulating stomata.
  2. Determinant of zygote can embryo growth.
  3. Maintaining seed dormancy
47
Q

ABA biosynthesis locations

A

Plastids and cytosol of all plant cells.

48
Q

Difference between hormone and a plant growth regulator?

A

Hormones are produced naturally by plants, while plant growth regulators are produced by humans and applied to plants.

49
Q

Use of auxin in plant propogation

A

For root growth initiation.

50
Q

IAA (an auxin) production location?

A

Apical shoot tip and young leaves.

51
Q

Polar auxin transport is;

A

The regulated transport of auxin in plants. Hormone is transported from cell to cell in a polar manner due to PIN proteins exporting the auxins actively from the cells. It is polar due to the polar orientation of PIN proteins on the cell membrane (most concentrated on one side of the cell).

52
Q

K-IBA

A

Easily dissolve in water.

Potassium salts of IBA

53
Q

High cytokinin:auxin ratio favors;

A

Shoot formation.

54
Q

High auxin:cytokinin ratio favors;

A

Rooting

55
Q

High levels of both cytokinin and auxin favors;

A

Callus development

56
Q

triple response of ethylene treated seedlings.

A
  1. Inhibition of stem elongation
  2. Increased radial swelling in hypocotyl
  3. And horizontal stem elongation to gravity
57
Q

Ethylene role in plants;

A

Abscision in leaves, apical dominance, latex production, fruit maturation.

58
Q

Ethylene used in propogation;

A

Can induce adventitious roots, stimulate germination and overcome dormancy.

59
Q

Totipotency

A

The concept that a single cell has the necessary genetic factors to reproduce all of the characteristics of the plant.

60
Q

Plant competence

A

The potential of a cell to develop in a particular direction, such as forming adventitious roots.

61
Q

When cells become determined;

A

Describes a point of development where the process becomes irreversible.

62
Q

Determination

A

The degree at which a plant cell is committed toward a given developmental direction at a given stage of development.

Plant Propogation (14 decks)

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