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FORENSIC BALLISTICS > chapter 6 & 7 > Flashcards

chapter 6 & 7 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a small container or wafer of explosive material used to ignite the gunpowder.

The upper portion of the primer cup which is the complete assembly of priming composition, paper disk, anvil and vent.

Contains a highly sensitive mixture of chemical compound which when struck by the firing pin would detonate or ignite

A

PRIMER

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2
Q

Such reaction is called

A

PERCUSSION

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3
Q

Two Sizes and Types of Primers
1. Large Rifle .210 inches
2. Small Rifle .175 inches
3. Large Pistol .210 inches
4. Small Pistol .175 inches

A
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4
Q

Composition of Priming Mixture
1. Potassium Chlorate – 45 %
2. Antimony Sulfite – 23%
3. Fulminate Mercury – 32%

A
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5
Q

the first to conceive an idea of using a detonating compound for igniting powder charge in small arms by percussion, and obtained a patent for this idea. He was then considered as the Father of Percussion.

A

Alexander John Forsyth

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6
Q

has ONE vent/flash hole invented by Colonel Edward M. Boxer, a British Army

A

Boxer Primer

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7
Q

has TWO vents/ flash holes, invented by Colonel Hiram Berdan, a US Army.

A

Berdan Primer

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8
Q

has THREE vents/flash holes

A

Berdan-Boxer Primer

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9
Q

used for shotgun shells, a variation of Berdan.

A

Battery Cup type

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10
Q

Two Classes of Priming Compound

A
  1. Corrosive – early primers
  2. Non-corrosive – mostly used at present
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11
Q

where the priming mixture is crushed by blow from the firing pin.

A

ANVIL

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12
Q

is a highly sensitive mixture of chemical compound contained in the primer cup

A

Priming mixture

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13
Q

piece of small paper or disk of tin foil that contains the priming mixture that is being pressed over the anvil. It has 2 purposes: 1) To hold priming mixture in place and 2) To exclude moisture

A

Disc

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14
Q

– container of the anvil, disc and priming mixture. This is made of brass, gilding metal or copper.

A

Primer cup

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15
Q

set off with a sharp blow, as when the firing pin strikes the primer cup

A

Initiator (Lead Styphnate)

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16
Q

– gives up its oxygen readily. The oxygen is needed to burn the fuel.

A

Oxidizer (Barium Nitrate)

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17
Q

burns the gunpowder in very high rate that results to the propulsion of bullet.

A

Fuel (Antimony Sulfide)

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18
Q

in order to fire before, the gunpowder must have to be ignited

A

Igniting the Propellant

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19
Q

were the earliest firearms which use closed tubes, that needs manual ignition of its gunpowder.

A

Cannons

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20
Q

a small aperture drilled in the closed end of the tube, leading to the main powder charge. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was then ignited with a hot ember or torch.

A

Touchhole

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21
Q

External Priming

A
  1. Wheel-lock
  2. Flintlock
  3. Caplock
  4. Electric-fired
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22
Q

Internal Priming

A
  1. Rimfire – around the rim
  2. Pinfire – external pin is used in igniting the priming mixture
  3. Peripheral primer – combination of rim and pinfire, uses a pin that strikes a ring of a priming compound.
  4. Centerfire – primer is located at the center.
  5. Teat-fire – no rim. rounded at the rear, with a small “teat” that would protrude through a tiny opening in the rear of the cylinder.
  6. Electric-primed - Used by larger military gun and cannon rounds (such as the M50 20mm) utilize an internal electric primer that is activated by an externally-provided electric charge.
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23
Q

(powder charge, propellant, saltpeter, cordite, etc) The powder that is used in ammunition in the propulsion of projectile.

A

GUNPOWDER

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24
Q

Gunpowder in the ________ was known as -_________ - The ______________ until _________.

Considered the __________.

It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter) - with the sulfur and charcoal acting as fuels, while the saltpeter works as an oxidizer.

A
  1. 19th century
  2. black powder
  3. First known chemical explosives
  4. 1800s
  5. oldest propellant
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25
Q

the unrecognized inventor of gunpowder.

A

Wu Ching Tsun

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26
Q
  • an English monk and scientist, credited with the invention of gunpowder (blackpowder).
A

Roger Bacon (1248)

27
Q

A German monk was credited for the application of gunpowder for propelling missile.

A

Constantine Anklitzen (a.k.a. Berthold Schwartz) (1300)

28
Q

– invented smokeless gunpowder with nitrocellulose, a single-base propellant which was called Poudre B (composition of ether and alcohol)

A

Paul Vielle (1886)

29
Q

developed smokeless gunpowder and he called it Ballistite, a double-base propellant.

A

Alfred E. Nobel

30
Q

obtained a patent of modifying smokeless gunpowder, they called it Cordite.

A

Frederick Abel & James Dewar (1890)

31
Q

– consists of jet black and shiny grains.
Composed of :
A. Potassium Nitrate – 75%
B. Charcoal – 15%
C. Sulfur – 10%

A

Black powder

32
Q

– produces small amount of smoke.
Composed of:
A. Nitrocellulose – 60 parts
B. Nitroglycerine – 35 parts
C. Vaseline – 5 parts

A

Smokeless Powder

33
Q

– is the principal ingredient of smokeless powder, invented in 1846.

A

Guncotton

34
Q

have SLOW burning gunpowder

A

Long Arms

35
Q

have FAST burning gunpowder.

A

Short Arms

36
Q

The 1st examination and detection of GSR was done.

A

1911

37
Q

Dr. Iturriuz was the 1st to use Paraffin Wax to collect GSR, from then, it was popularly called today as Paraffin test.

A

1914

38
Q

Theodoro Gonzales performed a modified version of the Iturriuz Test using molten paraffin wax on the hands of firer. In 1933, he made a demonstrated the use of paraffin cast in Criminal Identification Laboratory of Mexico, USA which was called Dermal Nitrates Test, Diphenylamine Test and Gonzales Test.

A

1931

39
Q

However, Paraffin test may also be positive if there is the presence of :

A
  1. Fertilizer
  2. Cosmetics
  3. Urine
  4. Tobacco
40
Q

Positive result of Paraffin test.

A

Blue Color or Blue Specks

41
Q

as stated by Edmond Locard, when two objects come into contact, exchange of materials take place.

A

Locard’s Principle

42
Q

Common Areas of Trace Evidence

A
  1. Hands – most common
  2. Face
  3. Clothing
  4. Objects Near the Place of incident
43
Q

refers to the gunpowder residues that exits on all openings of a FA after discharge.

A

Plumes

44
Q

with the use of cotton with 5% Nitric Acid Solution, particles maybe collected

A

Cotton swab

45
Q

used for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis.

A

Adhesive Stubs

46
Q

Evaluation of Crime Scene (Relative to GSR)
1. Time Factor is the most important consideration in dealing with GSR evidence.
2. The standard Time Frame is 3-6 hours from the time of shooting BUT in some cases it may persist much longer.
3. Careful preservation of clothing should be made. 4. The Traditional belief to remove GSR on hands is by application of Vinegar.

A
47
Q

Shapes of Trace Evidence

A
  1. They are generally spherical.
  2. Particles show overall cracking characteristics.
  3. Edges are straight or jagged to partially round.
48
Q

NAA

A

Neutron Activation Analysis

49
Q

ICP-MSP

A

Inductively Coupled Plasma- Mass Spectroscopy Plasma–the most efficient method employed in the analysis of GSR, computerized.

50
Q

GFAAS

A

Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy–used in the analysis of inorganic materials in primer residue such as Ba and Sb.

51
Q

detects the presence of nitrates and nitrites.

A

Diphenylamine Test

52
Q

detects presence of Lead Styhpnate (pb).

A

Sodium Rhodizonate Test

53
Q

detects presence of nitrates in unburned or partially burned gunpowder, this is also used by the investigator to detect the Range

A

Walker Test

54
Q

detects Nitrites

A

Greiss test

55
Q

both detect nitrites, same with Greiss test.

A

Marshall and Tiwari test

56
Q

the chemical used to indicate the presence of nitrocellulose.

A

Lunge reagent

57
Q

Unlawful Manufacture, Sale, Acquisition, Disposition or Possession of Explosives

A

RA 8294, Sec 3

58
Q

Penalty is Prision Mayor (Maximum) to Reclusion Temporal and a fine of 50,000.

A

Penalty is Prision Mayor (Maximum) to Reclusion Temporal and a fine of 50,000.

59
Q

are normally employed as propellants for guns. Undergo deflagration from a few centimeters per second to approx 400M per second.

A

Low Explosives

60
Q

also known as double-base powder. Undergo detonation from 914 to 9140 meters per second.

A

High Explosives

61
Q

extremely sensitive to chemical shock, friction and heat such as Fulminate Mercury, Lead Styphnate & Lead Azide.

A

Primary Explosive

62
Q

insensitive to shock, friction and heat because there is a need to expose them to heat or flame to boost their power, like Dynamite (developed by Alfred Nobel), TNT, RDX, PETN and HMX.

A

Secondary Explosive

63
Q

– are also called blasting agents, such as Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil Mixture.

A

Tertiary Explosives

FORENSIC BALLISTICS (9 decks)

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