Chapter 6 Flashcards
what are the kinds of implicit memory?
procedural memory: The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things. Priming: enhanced identification of objects and words
storage:
process of maintain memory over time.
state dependent retrieval:
is the process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval like happy or sad.
anterograde amnesia:
cannot consolidate new memories.
what are the two kinds of intereference?
- retroactive interference: recently learned info disrupts ability to remember past info 2. Proactive interference: previously learned info disrupts ability to remember new info.
we rely on what kind of memory to imagine our future?
episodic
semantic encoding:
is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to access knowledge that is already stored in memory.
retrieval induced forgetting:
is a process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.
Primary effect:
the tendency to remember intial information
what is the number of chunks of information we can remember?
7+- 2
retrieval cue:
external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind.
what are the two kinds of long term memory?
explicit: with conscious mind Implicit: without conscious mind
working memory:
which refers to active maintenance of information in short term storage.
Retrieval:
process of accessing stored information
what are the two kinds of priming?
perceptual priming: which reflect implicit memory for the sensory feature of an item. Conceptual priming: which reflect implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use an object.
what are the two kinds of explicity memory?
semantic memory: facts and general knowledge Episodic memory: personally experienced events
what are the three key functions of memory:
- Encoding 2. Storage 3. Retrieval
Visual imagery encoding:
the process of storing new information by converting it into mental picture.
information can be held in the short term memory store for about how long?
15-20 seconds
Encoding:
Process by which we transform what we perceive, think, feel etc. into a memory.
consolidation:
transfer of information from shor to long term memory.
retrograde amnesia:
can’t remember past memories
Long term memory:
is a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks or years.
Serial position effect:
which refers to the observations that the first few and last few times in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle.
displacement:
new information. Like someone talking heind you while your trying to listen to the lecture.
short term memory:
which holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.
recency effect
the tendency to remember later information
what is the difference between maitenance and elaborative rehearsal?
maintenance is just repeating info whereas elaborative is processing information at a meaningful level. Elaborating works best.
Memory:
Process of encoding, storing and retrieving information
The encoding specificity principle:
states that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was intially encoded.
what are the 2 kinds of sensory memory:
- Iconic Memory: is a fast decaying store of visual information 2. Echoic memory is a fast decaying store of auditory information.
what are three methods for improving memory?
- method of loci- items associated with physical locations. 2. Peg-word method: items are associated with “pegs” that are already in memory 3. Narrative stories: items are associated by a story.
sensory memory:
is a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
Organizational encoding:
the process of categorizing information according to the relationship among a series of items.
Transfer appropriate processing:
is the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match.
semantic coding:
is uniquely associated with increased activity in the lower left part of the frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe.
Chunking:
involved combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short term storage.
