Chapter 4

Question 1

Cones:

Answer 1

Operate under normal daylight conditions and allow us to focus on fine detail.

Question 2

Perceptual constancy-

Answer 2

even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

Question 3

The inner ear contains what?

Answer 3

chochlea

Question 4

Psychophysics:

Answer 4

the relation between physical characteristics of the stimuli and our psychological experience of them.

Question 5

Gustav Fechner is known for what?

Answer 5

psychophysics

Question 6

what is the what pathway and the where pathway?

Answer 6

parvocellular and magnocelluar.

Question 7

Serial processing:

Answer 7

process one thing at a time

Question 8

what are the 5 gustation?

Answer 8

sweet, sour, bitter, salt and unami

Question 9

if there is brain damage to the primary visual cortex what is the symptom?

Answer 9

localized blindness

Question 10

Accomodcation-

Answer 10

the process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina.

Question 11

The ear is divided into what three distinct parts?

Answer 11

1. The outer ear- collect sound waves and funnels them to the middle ear 2. Middle ear- transmits vibrations to the inner ear 3. Inner ear- Embedded in the skull where they are tranduced into neaural impulses.

Question 12

From the inner ear where does the action potential go?

Answer 12

from the auditory nerve to the thalamus and ultimately to an area of the cerebral cortex called the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Question 13

Cones can come in how many types and what are they?

Answer 13

three types, each type is specially sensitive to either long wavelengths (red), medium wavelengths (green) or short wavelength (blue)

Question 14

Rods:

Answer 14

Become active under low-light conditions for night vision.

Question 15

Feature integration theory:

Answer 15

which holds that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that make up a stimulus, such as the colour, shape, size and location of letters.

Question 16

shape detection:

Answer 16

specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses.

Question 17

Prosopagnosia:

Answer 17

also called face blindness is a cognitive disorder of face perception in which the ability to recognize familiar faces is impaired.

Question 18

Top-down processing:

Answer 18

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations. ex.) TAE CHT

Question 19

The dorsal (above) stream:

Answer 19

travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobes connecting with brain areas that identify and motion of an object. “where pathway”

Question 20

Near sighted-

Answer 20

eyes too long. The point of focus is actually before the back of the eye so you need a concave lens.

Question 21

Parallel processing:

Answer 21

is the brains capacity to perform many acitivites at the same time

Question 22

Loudness:

Answer 22

amplitude of the sound wave

Question 23

Illusory conjunction

Answer 23

a perceptual mistake whereby the brain incorrectly combines features from multple objects

Question 24

Each taste bud contains how many receptor cells?

Answer 24

50-100

Question 25

After a sensation registers in your central nervous system --------- takes place at the level of your brain

Answer 25

perception

Question 26

Middle ear contains what?

Answer 26

ossicles

Question 27

we are most and less sensitive to what colours?

Answer 27

most sensitive to yellow and less to blue and red

Question 28

what are the two pain pathways?

Answer 28

1. sends signals to the somatosensory cortex, identifying where the pain is occuring and what sort of pain it is. 2. the second pain pathway sends signal;s to the motivational and emotional centres of the brain such as the hypothalmus and amygdala and to the frontal lobe.

Question 29

Sensory adaptation:

Answer 29

Whereby sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an pogranism adapts to current conditons

Question 30

what are the three models of perception?

Answer 30

1. Templates- visual system compares stimulus with templates. problems- too many templates 2. prototypes- visual system compares stimulus but allows for disparity 3. distinctive features- visual syste, codes distinctive features.

Question 31

Damage to the temporal lobe area results in what?

Answer 31

visual agnosia, the man who mistook his wife for a hat, the inability to recognize objects by sight.

Question 32

whats the nanometers we can see?

Answer 32

350-750

Question 33

Hue:

Answer 33

wavelength of the light

Question 34

Signal detection theory:

Answer 34

Holds that the response to a stimulus depends both on a persons sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a persons decision criterion.

Question 35

Hearing loss has what 2 main causes:

Answer 35

1. Conductive hearing loss: arses because the eardrum or ossicles are damaged to the point where they cannot conduct sound waves effectively to cochlea. 2. Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to the cochlea, the hair cells or the auditory nerve and it happens to a lot of people.

Question 36

Protanopia:

Answer 36

no red photo pigment

Question 37

referred pain:

Answer 37

when sensory information from internal and external areas converge on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord. ex.) heart attack

Question 38

describe the visual association cortex subdivisions:

Answer 38

1. First level (occipital lobe). Movement, colour and binocular information. 2. Second level (parietal lobe). Locomotion and movement, three-dimensional form perception.

Question 39

Artificial intelligence:

Answer 39

computer program that stimulate human mental functions

Question 40

Primary visual cortex:

Answer 40

Hubel and wiesel's thing. Retina is mapped into primary visual cortex.

Question 41

Binding problem:

Answer 41

how the brain links features together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features

Question 42

describe the ventral (below) stream:

Answer 42

travels across the occipital lobe into the lower levels of the temporal lobes and includes brain areas that represent an objects shape and identity, in other words it is essential a what pathway

Question 43

whats the problems with the trichromatic theory of colour?

Answer 43

1. complementary coloyrs- pairs of colour that when mixed yield grey 2. After images- visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed 3. people use 4 colours to describe (red, green, blue and yellow)

Question 44

Human process of colour perception is ---------

Answer 44

additive

Question 45

the cochlea is divided along its length by the --------- ----------. tiny hair cells are embedded here release neurotransmitter molecules initiating a neural signal in the auditory nerve that travels to the brain.

Answer 45

basilar membrane

Question 46

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)-

Answer 46

receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell.

Question 47

Anatomical coding:

Answer 47

different features are coded by different neurons.

Question 48

Just noticeable differnece:

Answer 48

is the minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected.

Question 49

Opponent process theory of colour:

Answer 49

pairs of visual neurons work in opposition. Explinas colour after affects. Based on the antagonist responses to three PAIRS of colour. Red/green, yellow/blue, black/white ganglion.

Question 50

Perception:

Answer 50

The organization, identification and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation

Question 51

taste and what goes together?

Answer 51

smell

Question 52

Out of cones and rods which is less numerous?

Answer 52

cones

Question 53

Light:

Answer 53

visible light is simple that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.

Question 54

Far sighted0

Answer 54

eyes too short. Focus is past the back of the end of the eye and then you need a convex lens

Question 55

Brain damage to the visual association cortex is what symptoms?

Answer 55

colour area- achromatopsia

Question 56

what explains why objects in your peripheral vision is not clear

Answer 56

because cones are far less numerous

Question 57

Temporal code:

Answer 57

registers relatively loq freuqnecies via the firing rate of auditory nerve axons.

Question 58

Pitch:

Answer 58

Frequency of the sound wave

Question 59

Gate control theory of pain:

Answer 59

which holds that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated by internuerons in the spinal cord via feedback from 2 directions.

Question 60

additive colour mixing:

Answer 60

works by superimposing lights. Mixing yields a light colour. exact opposite of paint.

Question 61

Intensity:

Answer 61

amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude

Question 62

The outer ear is composed of what:

Answer 62

- the pinna - the auditory canal - eardrum

Question 63

Define cochlea:

Answer 63

a fluid filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction

Question 64

Sensation:

Answer 64

is simple stimulation of a sense organ. It is the basic registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, or taste as parts of your body interact with the physical world.

Question 65

out of rods and cones which is more sensitive?

Answer 65

rods!

Question 66

Transuction:

Answer 66

conversion of energy from the environment to neural activity

Question 67

Trichromatic theory of colour:

Answer 67

Three types of receptors in the eye- 1. blue 2. green 3. red Based on the demonstration that any colours can be created by mixing these three colours.

Question 68

Visual acuity:

Answer 68

the ability to see fine detail

Question 69

The place code:

Answer 69

used mainly for high frequencies, refers to the process by which different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane.

Question 70

Purity:

Answer 70

saturation

Question 71

the mouth contains how many tastebuds?

Answer 71

2-10,000

Question 72

Balint's syndrome?

Answer 72

damage in the parietal lobe and difficulutes with location

Question 73

webers law:

Answer 73

The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity.

Question 74

deuteranopia:

Answer 74

no green photo pigment

Question 75

Timbre:

Answer 75

a listener's experience of sound quality or resonance. It is the complexity of the sound wave.

Question 76

what is the basic structure of the eye:

Answer 76

- cornea and sclera - iris and aqueous humour - Pupil - Lens - vitreous humour - retina - optic disk

Question 77

Absolute threshold:

Answer 77

minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

Question 78

what is the blind spot?

Answer 78

is where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cells located there.

Question 79

what are three examples of receptor cells?

Answer 79

1. rods 2. cones 3. auditory hair cells

Question 80

Tritanopia:

Answer 80

not on x chromosome, loss of blue cones (see everything as green and red)

Question 81

Vestibular system:

Answer 81

the three fluid filled semicrcular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear.

Question 82

defect in colour vision is how common in males?

Answer 82

1/20. Photopigment genes on x chromsome.