Chapter 4 Flashcards
Cones:
Operate under normal daylight conditions and allow us to focus on fine detail.
Perceptual constancy-
even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent
The inner ear contains what?
chochlea
Psychophysics:
the relation between physical characteristics of the stimuli and our psychological experience of them.
Gustav Fechner is known for what?
psychophysics
what is the what pathway and the where pathway?
parvocellular and magnocelluar.
Serial processing:
process one thing at a time
what are the 5 gustation?
sweet, sour, bitter, salt and unami
if there is brain damage to the primary visual cortex what is the symptom?
localized blindness
Accomodcation-
the process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina.
The ear is divided into what three distinct parts?
- The outer ear- collect sound waves and funnels them to the middle ear 2. Middle ear- transmits vibrations to the inner ear 3. Inner ear- Embedded in the skull where they are tranduced into neaural impulses.
From the inner ear where does the action potential go?
from the auditory nerve to the thalamus and ultimately to an area of the cerebral cortex called the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.
Cones can come in how many types and what are they?
three types, each type is specially sensitive to either long wavelengths (red), medium wavelengths (green) or short wavelength (blue)
Rods:
Become active under low-light conditions for night vision.
Feature integration theory:
which holds that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that make up a stimulus, such as the colour, shape, size and location of letters.
shape detection:
specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses.
Prosopagnosia:
also called face blindness is a cognitive disorder of face perception in which the ability to recognize familiar faces is impaired.
Top-down processing:
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations. ex.) TAE CHT
The dorsal (above) stream:
travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobes connecting with brain areas that identify and motion of an object. “where pathway”
Near sighted-
eyes too long. The point of focus is actually before the back of the eye so you need a concave lens.
Parallel processing:
is the brains capacity to perform many acitivites at the same time
Loudness:
amplitude of the sound wave
Illusory conjunction
a perceptual mistake whereby the brain incorrectly combines features from multple objects
Each taste bud contains how many receptor cells?
50-100
After a sensation registers in your central nervous system ——— takes place at the level of your brain
perception
Middle ear contains what?
ossicles
we are most and less sensitive to what colours?
most sensitive to yellow and less to blue and red
what are the two pain pathways?
- sends signals to the somatosensory cortex, identifying where the pain is occuring and what sort of pain it is. 2. the second pain pathway sends signal;s to the motivational and emotional centres of the brain such as the hypothalmus and amygdala and to the frontal lobe.
Sensory adaptation:
Whereby sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an pogranism adapts to current conditons
what are the three models of perception?
- Templates- visual system compares stimulus with templates. problems- too many templates 2. prototypes- visual system compares stimulus but allows for disparity 3. distinctive features- visual syste, codes distinctive features.
Damage to the temporal lobe area results in what?
visual agnosia, the man who mistook his wife for a hat, the inability to recognize objects by sight.
whats the nanometers we can see?
350-750
Hue:
wavelength of the light
Signal detection theory:
Holds that the response to a stimulus depends both on a persons sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a persons decision criterion.
Hearing loss has what 2 main causes:
- Conductive hearing loss: arses because the eardrum or ossicles are damaged to the point where they cannot conduct sound waves effectively to cochlea. 2. Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to the cochlea, the hair cells or the auditory nerve and it happens to a lot of people.
Protanopia:
no red photo pigment
referred pain:
when sensory information from internal and external areas converge on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord. ex.) heart attack
describe the visual association cortex subdivisions:
- First level (occipital lobe). Movement, colour and binocular information. 2. Second level (parietal lobe). Locomotion and movement, three-dimensional form perception.
Artificial intelligence:
computer program that stimulate human mental functions
Primary visual cortex:
Hubel and wiesel’s thing. Retina is mapped into primary visual cortex.
Binding problem:
how the brain links features together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features
describe the ventral (below) stream:
travels across the occipital lobe into the lower levels of the temporal lobes and includes brain areas that represent an objects shape and identity, in other words it is essential a what pathway
whats the problems with the trichromatic theory of colour?
- complementary coloyrs- pairs of colour that when mixed yield grey 2. After images- visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed 3. people use 4 colours to describe (red, green, blue and yellow)
Human process of colour perception is ———
additive
the cochlea is divided along its length by the ——— ———-. tiny hair cells are embedded here release neurotransmitter molecules initiating a neural signal in the auditory nerve that travels to the brain.
basilar membrane
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)-
receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell.
Anatomical coding:
different features are coded by different neurons.
Just noticeable differnece:
is the minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected.
Opponent process theory of colour:
pairs of visual neurons work in opposition. Explinas colour after affects. Based on the antagonist responses to three PAIRS of colour. Red/green, yellow/blue, black/white ganglion.
Perception:
The organization, identification and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation
taste and what goes together?
smell
Out of cones and rods which is less numerous?
cones
Light:
visible light is simple that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.
Far sighted0
eyes too short. Focus is past the back of the end of the eye and then you need a convex lens
Brain damage to the visual association cortex is what symptoms?
colour area- achromatopsia
what explains why objects in your peripheral vision is not clear
because cones are far less numerous
Temporal code:
registers relatively loq freuqnecies via the firing rate of auditory nerve axons.
Pitch:
Frequency of the sound wave
Gate control theory of pain:
which holds that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated by internuerons in the spinal cord via feedback from 2 directions.
additive colour mixing:
works by superimposing lights. Mixing yields a light colour. exact opposite of paint.
Intensity:
amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude
The outer ear is composed of what:
- the pinna - the auditory canal - eardrum
Define cochlea:
a fluid filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction
Sensation:
is simple stimulation of a sense organ. It is the basic registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, or taste as parts of your body interact with the physical world.
out of rods and cones which is more sensitive?
rods!
Transuction:
conversion of energy from the environment to neural activity
Trichromatic theory of colour:
Three types of receptors in the eye- 1. blue 2. green 3. red Based on the demonstration that any colours can be created by mixing these three colours.
Visual acuity:
the ability to see fine detail
The place code:
used mainly for high frequencies, refers to the process by which different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane.
Purity:
saturation
the mouth contains how many tastebuds?
2-10,000
Balint’s syndrome?
damage in the parietal lobe and difficulutes with location
webers law:
The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity.
deuteranopia:
no green photo pigment
Timbre:
a listener’s experience of sound quality or resonance. It is the complexity of the sound wave.
what is the basic structure of the eye:
- cornea and sclera - iris and aqueous humour - Pupil - Lens - vitreous humour - retina - optic disk
Absolute threshold:
minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
what is the blind spot?
is where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cells located there.
what are three examples of receptor cells?
- rods 2. cones 3. auditory hair cells
Tritanopia:
not on x chromosome, loss of blue cones (see everything as green and red)
Vestibular system:
the three fluid filled semicrcular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear.
defect in colour vision is how common in males?
1/20. Photopigment genes on x chromsome.
