Chapter 6 Flashcards
A new way of thinking about the natural world
Scientific Revolution
Man who reasoned that the stars, the earth, and the other planets revolved around the sun
Nicolaus Copernicus
Sun-centered theory
Heliocentric theory
Man who concluded that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
Johannes Kepler
Used telescope to study the heavens
Galileo Galilei
A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Scientific method
An English politician and writer who had a passionate interest in science
Francis Bacon
An 18th-century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society.
Enlightenment
The agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government
Social contract
Positive view on human nature. Believed people can learn from mistakes. Believed that people had natural rights and liberty
John Locke
The rights all people are born with life liberty and prosperity
Natural rights
France man who developed analytical geometry which linked algebra and geometry
Reńe Descartes
English scientist who helped bring together their breakthroughs under a single theory of motion
Issac Newton
Keep going
You got this
Regular social gatherings held by wealthy women in Paris
Salons
A grand, ornate style
Baroque
New classical style
Neoclassical
Monarchs who became Absolute rulers and embraced new ideas that reflected the enlightenment
Enlightened despots
The ruler most admired by the philosophes who ruled Russia from 1762-1796
Catherine the great
Document based on ideas of John Locke written by Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence
According to Ptolemy, what was the earth’s position in the universe? How did Copernicus’s view differ? Which did Kepler’s observations support?
In the Ptolemaic model, the sun revolved around the Earth, while in the Copernicus model, the earth revolves around the sun. Kepler said that the planets revolve in elliptical orbits around the sun.
What are the four steps of the scientific method?
observation, hypothesis, experiment, and analysis
What four new instruments emerged in the Scientific Revolution? what was the purpose of each?
microscope (view minute objects), barometer (measure Atm. pressure), Fahrenheit thermometer (measure heat), Celsius thermometer (measure heat)
How did the ideas of Hobbes and Locke differ?
Hobbes believed that humans were selfish and wicked while Locke believed that humans learned from experience
What did Montesquieu admire about the government of Britain?
Montesquieu admired that the English government was divided into 3 branches so that one group doesn’t have too much power.
How did the Enlightenment lead to a more secular outlook?
changed the way people thought about gov., religion, society, and human values
What were three developments in the arts during the Enlightenment?
Salons, Baroque art, Neoclassical art
What reforms did the enlightened despots make?
to strengthen their power such as higher relies tolerance, lower censorship, and more rights
Why did the Article of Confederation result in a weak national government?
The states weren’t united enough, and the national government wasn’t strong enough. The states didn’t follow national laws.
How did the writers of the U.S. Constitution put into practice the idea of separation of powers? A system of checks and balances?
the distribution of governmental control between three separate but equal branches.
checks and balanced allowed for each branch to check the power of either other branch.
Woman who published an essay called “A Vindication of the rights of woman” in 1792
Mary Wollstonecraft
Division among different branches
Separation of powers
French writer who balanced government power into three groups.
Montesquieu
Francois Marie Arouet’s pen name
Voltaire
French word for philosophers
Philosophes
Life, liberty, and property are…
Natural rights
Philosopher who believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves
John Locke
Agreement in which people gave up their rights to a stronger ruler to gain law and order
Social contract
18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply all principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society
Enlightenment
Writer of Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Each branch checking the actions of the other two
Checks and balances
System in which power was divided between national and state governments
Federal system
Ten amendments in constitution
Bill of Rights
Philosophes
Believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life
Voltaire
Philosopher who’s real name was Francois and published political books.
Separation of powers
Division of power among the different branches
Mary Wollenstonecraft
Argued for women’s rights and wrote “a vindication of the rights of a woman”
