Chapter 6 Flashcards
social deviance
any transgression of socially established norms
crime
the violation of laws enacted by society
social cohesion
social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis
mechanical or segmental solidarity
social cohesion based on sameness
organic solidarity
social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts
social control
mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
formal social sanctions
mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior
informal social sanctions
the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life
social integration
how well you are integrated into your social group or community
social regulation
the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis
egoistic suicide
suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group
altruistic suicide
suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration
anomie
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness
anomic suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation
fatalistic suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation
strain theory
Robert Merton’s theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
conformist
individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable
ritualist
individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means
innovator
social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them
retreatists
one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society
rebel
individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated
labeling theory
the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity
primary deviance
the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of “deviant” and thus influence how people think about and act toward you
secondary deviance
subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people’s expectations of you
