Chapter 6

Question 1

social deviance

Answer 1

any transgression of socially established norms

Question 2

crime

Answer 2

the violation of laws enacted by society

Question 3

social cohesion

Answer 3

social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis

Question 4

mechanical or segmental solidarity

Answer 4

social cohesion based on sameness

Question 5

organic solidarity

Answer 5

social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts

Question 6

social control

Answer 6

mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

Question 7

formal social sanctions

Answer 7

mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior

Question 8

informal social sanctions

Answer 8

the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life

Question 9

social integration

Answer 9

how well you are integrated into your social group or community

Question 10

social regulation

Answer 10

the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis

Question 11

egoistic suicide

Answer 11

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

Question 12

altruistic suicide

Answer 12

suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration

Question 13

anomie

Answer 13

a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness

Question 14

anomic suicide

Answer 14

suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation

Question 15

fatalistic suicide

Answer 15

suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation

Question 16

strain theory

Answer 16

Robert Merton’s theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Question 17

conformist

Answer 17

individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable

Question 18

ritualist

Answer 18

individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means

Question 19

innovator

Answer 19

social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them

Question 20

retreatists

Answer 20

one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society

Question 21

rebel

Answer 21

individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated

Question 22

labeling theory

Answer 22

the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity

Question 23

primary deviance

Answer 23

the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of “deviant” and thus influence how people think about and act toward you

Question 24

secondary deviance

Answer 24

subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people’s expectations of you

Question 25

stigma

Answer 25

a negative social label that not only changes others’ behavior toward a person but also alters that person’s own self-concept and social identity

Question 26

broken windows theory of deviance

Answer 26

theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts

Question 27

street crime

Answer 27

crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty

Question 28

white-collar crime

Answer 28

offense committed by a professional (or professionals) against a corporation, agency, or other institution

Question 29

corporate crime

Answer 29

a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEOs and other executives) of a corporation

Question 30

deterrence thoery

Answer 30

philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits

Question 31

recidivism

Answer 31

when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior

Question 32

total institutions

Answer 32

an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority

Question 33

panopticon

Answer 33

a circular building composed of an inner ring and an outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the guards, housed in the inner ring, can observe the prisoners without the detainees knowing whether they are being watched